Test Two 1 Work Labor 1870 1906 I Factories Workers A How the Other Half Lives Jacob Riis 1890 1 A book of photographs 2 How did the rise of factories and industrial cities change the relationship with work B The Jungle Upton Sinclair 1906 Immigrants in Chicago working in meat packing industry 1 Muckraking fictional novel written to expose poor working conditions 2 3 Cheap immigrant children 4 Workers are just used as machines to make a product 5 6 The public forced Congress to act 7 Intended audience was the consumers and the general public In 1906 the Food and Drug Act was passed 1 Very crowded apartment buildings in the late 19th century Riis looked at C Tenements tenements in NYC 2 Five Cents a Spot a Muckraking journalism that is asking for change b What a person could get for 5 cents in a tenement house c A very crowded room with many people living sleeping in it d No windows heat or air e A very realistic photo that shows the truth about tenements f Photo meant to show the injustices of workers 3 Many families stacked in to single apartments 4 By 1890 more than 700 people per acre 5 Immigrants were more likely to put up with these types of living conditions while locals were more likely to form unions II Workers Organize into Unions A Eight Hour Day 1 One goal of labor unions was an 8 hour day 2 Second Declaration of Independence a Factories have workers working constantly b Document says that workers will be more productive B Knights of Labor Terrence Powderly 1 One of the two largest labor unions in the 19th century Most popular 2 Welcoming to most types of laborers immigrants unskilled workers women 3 Founded in 1869 by two garment workers 4 Against strikes 5 Argued for the most serious forms of reform possible a Restrictions on child labor b Wanted to require regular wages rather than contract wages so you can t be hired for one week then fired then hired for the next week 6 Tried to increase the power access and appreciation of the working class 7 Wanted workers to share the profits the business was making Test Two 2 III Violence the Labor Movement A Haymarket Riot 1886 C American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers 1 Forms out of the end of Knights of Labor 2 More limited goals than Knights of Labor a Only recruited skilled workers b Denied membership to unskilled workers includes blacks women c Fight for bread butter issues reasonable wage raise d Support mainstream politicians that were in favor of changing labor laws 3 Only represented about 10 of all American workers 4 Never ended worker inequality 5 Against strikes in the beginning 6 Samuel Gompers believed that strikes were an important way for their union to get fixes and strikes increased 1 Ended the Knights of Labor 2 Unskilled workers that wanted to have mass effects 3 350 000 workers across the country organized and protested on May 1st for the eight hour day 4 McCormick Reaper Plant a The march ended in front of this plant b One of the most important factories in the city c Mayor had security waiting outside McCormick Reaper Plant d May 3rd security killed 4 strikers 5 Workers gather at Haymarket Square in Chicago and they spoke about how terrible the violence was many speakers were anarchists a Police marched into the middle of the crowd b An unknown explosion occurred and one policemen was killed c Chaos and confusion ensued and many workers were killed as well as d Didn t know who to arrest so they arrested the people on the speaking e They went to trial and were all convicted by a jury of business owners and some policemen program executed 6 The Haymarket Riot shows us that big business is very powerful 7 May and police were popular for picking on these protesters B Homestead Strike 1902 1 Homestead PA 2 Twelve steel mills in Homestead owned by Carnegie 3 Workers had union contracts 4 Carnegie didn t want union workers anymore so he stopped hiring them a Built a barb wire fence around the plant so that protesters couldn t strike b Hired picket line crossers scabs to work and he built barracks for them c Hired private security Pinkerton Detectives 5 Seven strikers died and three detectives died Test Two 3 6 Governor brought 8 000 militia men to break up the strike and act in favor of Carnegie C Railroad Strike 1877 1 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 2 Cut wages three times workers in WV went on strike and blocked train tracks 3 Strike quickly spread to other cities 4 Most governors send in state militia to fight strikes but workers fought back 5 Railroads lost millions of dollars and many workers were killed 6 Successes a Pension plan b Relief for sick hurt or killed workers 7 Unions became stronger 8 E L Godkin a Believes that strikes are never going to work b Advice to immigrants to not strike because their dreams are too wild D Workingmen s Party Denis Kearny 1 Against the Irish taking over American jobs and business E Chinese Laundry Lee Chew 1 Chinese immigrants open laundry mats
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