1. Shakespeare “stages”1. All the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players:They have their exits and their entrances;And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.Then the whining school-boy, with his satchelAnd shining morning face, creeping like snailUnwillingly to school. And then the lover,Sighing like furnace, with a woeful balladMade to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,Seeking the bubble reputationEven in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,In fair round belly with good capon lined,With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,Full of wise saws and modern instances;And so he plays his part. The sixth age shiftsInto the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wideFor his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,Turning again toward childish treble, pipesAnd whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,That ends this strange eventful history,Is second childishness and mere oblivion,Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing2. Nativist / Empiricist1. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. 2. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. 3. Nature - Nativists1. Suggest that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. 4. Nurture – Empiricists 1. Suggest what is known as tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate. 2. According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience; that all or most behaviors and characteristics are the result of learning new stuff. 3. Plasticity1. Brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or cortical remapping, is a term that refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.2. Modern research has demonstrated that the brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter existing ones in order to adapt to new experiences, learn new information and create new memories4. Modernization theory of aging 1. Advances in technology, applied sciences, urbanization, and literacy, are related to a decline in the status of older people 2. Improved Health factors1. Reduced infant mortality2. Prolonged adult life - Increase number of older adults3. Resource competition – social services; housing; other resources3. Scientific technology1. Limited available / understood technology2. Mostly benefit young minds3. Older left behind4. Rural to urban1. Traditional rural outlook giving way to urban life, with emphasis on efficiency and progress (no room for slow-poke-oldies)2. Residential segregation3. Occupational mobility5. Promotion of literacy and education1. Mostly targeting young2. Greater cultural chasm6. Impact on Filial Piety1. Still trying to keep up with traditions – guilt, if can’t2. Much more difficult – not live close; strained relationships; value not emphasized3. “Doing” without “Feeling” – “Revering without reverence”4. Confucius wrote – “Filial piety today is taken to mean providing nourishment for parents, but dogs and horses are provided with nourishment. If it is not done with reverence for parents, what is the difference between men and animals?”5. Psychosocial theory1. Psychosocial theory life course has courses/stages- each distinguishable stage in our life is like a course that we enter and then move onto the next stage and then the next2. Psychosocial crisis- tasks that need to be completed during a stage (there are a positive pole and a negative pole)- decisions need to be made in each stage of life 3. Life is a series of challenges that help us to grow 6. Erik Erikson – stages of human development1. Erikson helped to broaden and expand psychoanalytic theory. He also contributed to our understanding of personality as it is developed and shaped over the course of the lifespan.1. I.e. Where Freud believed that our personality is almost fully shaped by the time we are 5 years old, Erikson believed that it is a life-long process. 2. Stages of Development – Each period of life has a specific organization3. Developmental Tasks – Age-graded expectation1. Autonomy from parents2. Gender identity4. Psychosocial Crisis – Occurs when there is a discrepancy between a person’s competence, and society’s expectations at a particular life stage1. Individual identity5. General Process for Resolving Psychosocial Crisis – Recognize the issue and use available resources to resolve the issue1. Role Experimentation2. Ethnic identify7. Stages of development1. As we go through each stage we achieve a healthy ratio or balance- life isn’t perfect but if at a certain stage there is a positive and negative we hope to be towards the positive end 2. If you go through a stage and are unsuccessful (on negative side) you will find that things in the next stage will not go as well and you will not be as prepared as you could have been 3. Believed that development happened in stages- you enter a stage and have conflicts that you need to resolve- once they are resolved it prepares you for the next stage- believed that our development is a life-long process- at each stage we develop an EGO IDENTITY (understanding of who we are in relationship to the world)- get this through interactions with others and with the world- it changes with each stage and each experience- very fluid concept4. As we go through each stage our ego becomes more defined 5. Each stage seeks to achieve ego identity and competence Stage Basic Conflict ImportantEventsOutcomeInfancy (birthto 18 months)Trust vs.MistrustFeeding Children develop a sense of trust whencaregivers provide reliability, care, andaffection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.EarlyChildhood (2 to3 years)Autonomy vs.Shame andDoubtToilet Training Children need to develop a sense of personalcontrol over physical skills and a sense ofindependence. Success leads to feelings ofautonomy, failure results in feelings of shameand doubt.Preschool (3 to Initiative vs. Exploration Children need to begin asserting control and5 years) Guilt power over the environment. Success in thisstage leads to a sense of purpose. Childrenwho try to exert too much power