Comm Exam 1 Definition of communication A process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment o It s a social process o Establishing and interpreting meaning is important because we do this socially Models of communication Linear Interactional Transactional Linear communication model o One way communication no feedback message sent nothing coming back o Sender is the person who has the ideas thoughts and feelings they want to get across o Sender encodes message decodes receiver o Encoding the process of taking pure ideas thoughts and feelings labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way o Channel medium or mode of transportation for the message made up of the 5 senses includes words and body language o Receiver person who has to interpret meaning from the message by decoding the message o Decoding taking symbols and deciphering what the pure thought is Noise anything that interferes with the message getting across o Physical external a jackhammer outside it being hot etc o Psychological more internal to the participants any preconceived notions biases or prejudices that the participants have that may interfere with the sending and receiving of messages o Semantic noise has to do with the meanings associated with the words slang for instance can lead to unknown meaning o Physiological if your tired or hungry or sick this can interfere with you paying attention Interactional communication model o We may refer to it as a two way model o You can think of text messages o Circular yes BUT still start and stop Transactional communication model o We presume that communication takes place in a particular context which creates the rules for communication o No clear senders or receivers o The idea is that your sending or receiving simultaneously o It is NOT a start and stop process o Communication is happening simultaneously Differences between and interactive and transactional communication model o The concept of feedback which is the response to the original message o We do have the idea that the model and receiver change places o Field of experience each person brings unique experience to the situation in order for the message to get across to the receiver there has to be some overlap of experience ex some language system Contexts of Communication have a general understanding o Intrapersonal communication with oneself o Interpersonal face to face communication o Small group communication with a group of people looking at some group that has tasks committees for instance not a friend group o Organizational communication within or among large or extended o Public rhetorical communication to a large group of people o Mass Media communication to a very large audience through mediated o Cultural communication between and among members of different environments forms cultures Intrapersonal communication o Role of cognition intrapersonal communication theorists frequently study the role that cognition plays in human behavior o Decision making o Attributions about others Intrapersonal communication is about much more than talking to oneself it also includes the many attributions you make about another persons behavior For instance an employer may want to know why an employee arrives late to work and looks disheveled each day o Attributions about self Intrapersonal communication is distinguished from other contexts in that it allows communicators to make attributions about themselves People have the ability to asses themselves From body image to work competencies people are always making self attributions o Persuasion Interpersonal communication o Relationship development o Relationship maintenance o Relationship dissolution o Power and control o Attraction Small group communication o Problem solving in problem solving groups or tasks groups in particular many perspectives may be advantageous The exchange of multiple perspectives results in synergy and explains why small groups may be more effective than an individual at achieving goals o Leadership o Communication networks communication patterns through which information flows o Power o Norms Organizational communication pertains to communication with an among large extended environments o Culture o Power o Morale o Worker satisfaction o Hierarchy is an organizing principle whereby thing or persons are ranked one above the other o Productivity Public communication Rhetoric o Aristotle Ethos Logos Pathos audience o Speech and text criticism o Communication apprehension a general sense of fear of speaking before an Intercultural communication o Between and among cultures o Co cultures groups of individuals who are part of some larger culture but who can be classified around various identities o How culture affects communication o Gender Health communication o interpersonal o public health o risk messages o diffusion o networks Defining Theory Objectives o What is a theory An abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon o What is the difference between a theory a taxonomy and a model Theory An abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon Taxonomy A list of any types of strategies or a conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon Model A simplified representation of reality o What are the goals of theory To describe explain predict and control o Communication theory defined a way to describe explain predict and or control human communication behavior What is a theory o Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon o A set of statements specifying an explanatory relationship between two or Stephen Littlejohn more classes phenomenon There must be an explanation There has to be more substance for something to be a theory Mary John Smith Taxonomy o A conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon o A list of any types of strategies Who would consider a taxonomy a theory o Stephen Littlejohn YES o Mary John Smith NO because she requires the explanation Model o A simplified representation of reality Specifies relationships between concepts Temporal order Who would consider a model a theory o Stephen Littlejohn YES o Mary John Smith YES because models DO show an explanation Class definition of Theory Stephen Littlejohn o Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Goals of Theory 1 To describe To understand What Put in an intelligible frame 2 To explain
View Full Document
Unlocking...