Dean Barlund 1 Theory based off of intellectual excitement and the human relations movement 2 3 Elements of Communication a Explanation of the aim b Description of the process c Moral standards of communication behavior 3 Aim of communication a To transmit information message centered b To transfer ideas speaker centered c to increase the number and consistency of our meanings within the limits by patterns of evaluation 4 Theory Communication describes the process of creating a meaning a meanings are never transmitted rather created within individuals and exposed to messages and other stimuli b Communication occurs whenever meaning is assigned to internal or external stimuli 5 Intentionality in communication a Must create a sensation b Assigning meaning to data we must create a meaning 6 Consummatory Communication a Creating meaning based on reflections i Waiting in line ii Thinking or analyzing a dream iii Watching skyline disappear at dusk 7 Instrumental Communication 8 Three notions of communication a Meaning based on linguistic interactions designed to alter attitudes a Coercive meaning is controlled by threatening the interpreter b Exploitative narrowed by words that filter information c Facilitative informs enlarges perspective i ONLY MORAL FORM 9 Process of communication does he actually define a process a Communication is a process sender message do not remain constant b Communication is circular feedback or exchange of roles c Communication is complex involves cognitive psychological informational and linguistic variables d Communication is irreversible and unrepeatable cannot be erased e Communication involves total personality whole organism is involved f DOES NOT ACTUALLY EXPLAIN A PROCESS no nature or sequence of psycho physical events 10 Where is meaning located a Recipients mind 11 Consequences for communication inquiry a Takes discipline from its traditional subject b If we followed we would only deal with stimulus cognition sequences 12 Inconsistent with linguistic intuitions of English speakers concerning these words and a His idea of communication does not make the idea of miscommunication their cognates possible i Any assignment of significance to a stimulus is communication for Barnlund even if the significance is not accurate b Does not account for intended meaning by senders WBJ Definition requires a behavior in a social interaction but WBJ do not require that such behavior be accompanied by an intention They believe communication does require more than one person but the communicator did not have to be intentionally communicating Barnlund conceived of communication as assigning significance to any internal or external stimulus They both believe that communication does not always have to have intention but WBJ believes there must be a social interaction for communication to occur whereas Barnlund does not Gaines Classification WBJ Moderately Non Intentional Barnlund Radically Non Intentional WBJ is less radical than Barnlund 13 According to Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson in an interactional situation one cannot not communicate To what sort of position on intentionality in communication does this view commit these theorists and why This view means that WBJ believe intentionality is not necessary for communication you can communicate without intention Not every single action or behavior we make has intention behind According to WBJ one cannot not communicate which means one is always communicating If we do not always have intention but we are always communicating then one can communicate without having intention 14 Present the argument offered by Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson on behalf of their axiom One cannot not communicate a Behavior has no opposite 48 b Therefore one cannot not behave 48 c Because one cannot not behave d and because all behavior in an interactional situation has message value i e is communication 48 49 e Then one cannot not communicate 49 15 13 How do Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson define interaction Does their account specify the scope of interactions with respect to time space or medium of interactions A series of messages exchanged between persons will be called an interaction No it does not 16 14 According to Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson what are messages and where or in whom may they be located A single communicational unit will be called a message Messages are located in communication whether it be intentional or not 17 For Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson what are the aspects of communication how are they defined and how are they related What problem is raised by Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson s claims concerning the the relationship of the aspects of communication report aspect and the command aspect The report aspect of a message conveys information The command aspect refers to what sort of a message it is to be taken as The report conveys the data of the communication the command how the communication is to be taken located 18 For Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson is it clear where or in whom meaning may be No because according to WBJ the report is the information that the sender in communication and the command is how the receiver takes the message So either side could determine the meaning 19 What are the consequences for communication inquiry of using Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson s definition to guide communication research Makes communication completely observable Makes communication almost ubiquitous since a great deal of human and animal life occurs in interactions The minimal criteria for communication have been used to justify communication studies that ignore linguistic content in attempting to explain communication exchanges unit of social and or cultural interaction is a communication 20 To what extent is Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson s definition of communication consistent with standard linguistic intuitions of English speakers regarding communication and its cognates Their definition of communication does not make the idea of miscommunication possible This is because they define communication as a behavior and according to their own presumption there is no opposite of behavior Gerry Miller 1 Narrower and more disciplinary than Barlund and WBJ a Behavior in a social interaction and a source that involve an intention to affect one or more receivers behaviors 2 Definition of communication a Moderately intentional does snot require that intention of sender is fulfilled b Attempts to establish a subject matter that is
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