Comm250 1 28 Objectives Defining Communication issues involved in defining communication o want to help people outside of the field o identify what we study o there is no clear cut definition of communication o scenarios issues debatable be intentional sender needs to intend for communication to take place o whether or not a message needs to be sent in order to communicate Waltzlawick Beavin and Jackson 1967 o You can not not communicate o All messages can be perceived as communication o As long as receiver gets meaning Have Correspondence Be successful Does the message sent have to be the message received Do you have to do what the sender wanted you to do in order for communication to take place Be ethical Honest Include symbolic actions Include cognition thought and perception Should communication include commonly known symbols Be human to human why is it important to define communication define communication the process of communication communication contexts LOOK AT SCENARIOS SHEET 1970 o frank ance tried to determine if there were issues and ideas of one specific idea of communication 126 different definitions of communication communication has evolved o techno o social media o MANY MORE DEFINITIONS o Problematic Communication process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment o Models Linear No feedback Interpersonal process o Sender is the source that has the thoughts pure ideas and feelings across they encode the message o Encodes sender create the message labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way message decodes o Send messages through the channel to send and receive messages through our senses Hand shakes Hugs o Decoding how you unwrap and unravel the symbols decipher and decoding what that pure thought is Speech Interactional Stepping on toe what does that mean Interplay Interactive Two way Circular Receiver is sending message to the original sender feedback response to the message allows the sender to know the meaning the receiver got from their message Every time we go into a comm situation we bring our field of experience o Cultural background o gender in order for people to understand one another there needs to be some overlap in fields of experience the more overlap we have the easier it is for us to understand o language Transactional Noise distractions and interruptions anything that interferes with encoding or decoding of the message o Physical external to the participants in the communication Static Wall Anything that comes through the 5 sense can distract us o Semantic language barrier Slang o Psychological Any preconceive notions biases or prejudices that the participants that may interfere with the sending and receiving of messages Stress o Physiological Goals of theory o To describe to understand Intelligible frame o To explain How and or why o To predict o to control social change communication o way to describe explain predict and or control human communication behavior Meta Theory theory of the theory o The philosophical frames of the theory o Assumptions scholars have in mind when building theories o Helps understand why there are so many theories o Body of speculation on the nature of theory and research o Meta theory on theory o What communication phenomena should be observed o How should it be observed o Meta theoretical assumptions Ontological branch of philosophy concerned with studying the nature of reality not the reality in enough itself but the reality scholars believe in What communication phenomena should be observed What counts as communication What does communication look like in the real world Do human s make real choices Make goals choose how to achieve them As long as the appropriate communication behavior is present everyone I going to work in the same way Is human experience basically individual or social o Communication comes from the individual Predictable Be no choice then because they believer all people are predictable o Social Negotiate meaning They make the rules and follow them We have to work together in order to communicate o Is human experience contextualized The meanings are interrupted different based on the context If the thing is the same then context doesn t matter If I invade your space and you back up regardless of the context Im a stranger then the context matters Relationships effect actions b c context Do humans make real choices o Free will o Response to stimuli Is human experience basically individual or social Is human experience contextualized o Environment o relationships Epistemological How do we know what we know What is the best way to learn study research of communication Can knowledge exist before experience By what process does knowledge arise Mentalism rationalism create knowledge through thinking Empiricism through observation Constructivism through experience and reflection Social constructivism knowledge created socially Discussion of the nature of knowledge Branch of philosophy that studies knowledge Can knowledge exists before experience o we just know things before we experience them can knowledge be certain by what process does knowledge arrive o Mentalism rationalism Group thinking o Empiricism See it observe it Use your five senses o Constructivism in life o Social Constructivism Negotiate meaning People create knowledge in order to function practically Is knowledge best conceived in parts or in wholes o Look at the whole picture Axiological Branch of philosophy studying values Is research value free o Values play a part in the research process whether or not we want them to people have values Does the practice of inquiry influence that which is studied o No I m just asking you what your doing and asking what your opinions are unbiased observational stance o Other people believe that just because your asking a question you influence them you may modify your behavior or attitudes just after someone asks you a question Should research attempt to achieve social change o Identify injustices in the world o Saying opinion o Rhetoric changes society values ALL THEORIES ARE GUIDED BY THE THEORISTS META THEORITCAL CONSUMPTIONS So many theories o Scholars have different assumptions about the nature of Communication Theory building and testing 4 goals of theory o to describe to understand what is happening in the communication behavior situation o to explain how why certain communication behavior o to predict o to change or to control
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