Final Exam Study Guide Bryant What his essay is about commemorate the 13th anniversary of Hoyt Hudson s The Field of Speech and Herbert Wichelns The Literary Criticism of Oratory Definitions of rhetoric that he rejects rhetoric is a way of saying something empty language artificial elegance and art of prose Accepted Definition rhetoric is the rationale of informative and suasory discourse Aristotle concerned with persuasion Bryant insists that some means of persuasion are not within the scope of rhetoric Gold and Guns commerce or coercion Non linguistic symbol Inclusion of exposition informative discourse Ancillary secondary to persuasion Demonstration Aristotle s conception of rhetorical genera Forensic past justice injustice means of accusation and defense Epideictic present honor dishonor means of praise and blame includes exposition because it is miscellaneous Deliberative future expedient inexpedient means of exhortation refrain and dehortation Two clarifications of Bryant s definition of rhetoric Rhetoric must be understood to be the rationale of informative and suasory discourse both spoken and written Three senses of rhetoric 1 The rationale of informative and suasory discourse 2 A quality that characterizes the kind of discourse 3 A study of the phenomenon of informative and suasory discourse in social context Subjects venues of Rhetorical Discourse General deliberation concerning legislation Forensic address Teaching Preaching Commercial exploitation A rhetor Attempts to learn the authorities of sources of info and develops a method which can apply to specific problems Learns what questions to ask and answer Occasions of Rhetorical Discourse Addressed to an audience speaks the language of an audience this is the core of rhetoric forms of addressed discourse Suasory of a forensic and deliberative nature Informative Discourse depends on a deliberative of instinctive adjustment of idea through speaker to audience in a particular situation Journalism published media radio and TV news new analysis commentary Advertising salesmanship propaganda public relations commercial political and national information services at its best rhetoric seeks the energizing of truth Truth comes from learning s philosophy ethics physics economics politics eugenics medicine hydraulics or bucolics Efficiency of the relations in the idea audience speaker situation belongs to rhetoric Functioning of Rhetoric the function of adjusting ideas to people and of people to ideas Strange ideas have to be modified Audiences have to be prepared though prejudices ignorance and irrelevant mindsets Rhetoric has the greatest possible involvement with logical and psychological studies Functioning at its best the rhetorical process is wielding of public opinion Advertising Salesmanship and Propaganda partial incomplete and misused Includes suggestion reiteration imaginative substitution verbal irrelevance and indirection emotional and psuedological bullying public relations promotion Bryant does not deny the association of these forms with conventional public address Rhetoric in Education General Education rhetoric is the organon of the liberal studies Literary Study especially in history of literature rhetoric is an analytical tool Scholarly Study discovery enlargement reinterpretation Newly developed techniques in scholarly study Quantitative content analysis Qualitative content analysis Figurative analysis Intonational analysis idk if that s a spelling error for international whatever Gaines Leff and Mohrmann What their essay is about Lincoln s Cooper Union Speech Similar to Bryant s traditional conception of rhetoric rhetorical criticism derived from rhetorical precepts rules Bryant s three senses of rhetoric focuses on a single speech the speech has a very clear persuasive purpose focuses on accomplishing something predetermines the discourse represents public deliberation wielding of public opinion clarifies Lincoln s argumentation similar to Bryant s adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas Context of Lincoln s Speech Lincoln had political aspirations and the speech was an opportunity to secure political advantage Main contenders Lincoln Douglas complacent about slavery and Seward radically opposed to slavery Lincoln represented the middle ground road the fence like a cowboy Speech was considered campaign oration designed to win nomination for speaker creates a general identification between speaker and audience objective is ingratiation Lincoln s Two Goals Demonstrate the distinction between his views on slavery with respect to Douglas and Seward Demonstrate that he was most suitable for the Republican Party Lincoln s Heuristics Arrangement invention style First part of the speech addressed to the people of New York a confrontation with the political stance of Douglas initially logical and later moral and his style is restrained and reflects a moral outlook avoids anecdote and figurative speech two regularities uses repetition for emotional impact Second part of the speech addressed to the Southern people engages in a mock debate with a fiction of the Southern audience figurative and moral outlook uses prosopopoeia character portrayal style later becomes more directly confrontative of the South compares South to a robber Third part of the speech addressed to the Republicans included antitheses highlight contrasts in the Southern and Republican stances adds emotional force Problems with opponents Douglas argues misguided principle in maladroit fashion Seward speech is at odds with the true spirit of the Republican Party Criticism of Lincoln s Attitude toward South his position on slavery was calculated to win the nomination not to propitiate the audience Campbell What her essay is about Rhetoric of Early Afro American Feminists Her main claim sometimes Afro American women rhetors can be viewed as part of the tradition of early women s rhetoric sometimes they differ form that tradition in style sometimes in content Sojourner Truth Style Feminine used biblical authority personal experience vivid metaphors and the power of herself as enactment Concern Abolition of slavery and women s rights Ida B Wells Style Not feminine the speech was blunt structure was deductive tone was authoritative analogies were literal she spoke as an authority and used her own voice Concern Rights and lynching Mary Church Terrell Style Feminine but more moderate speech was developed inductively she spoke about personal
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