Study Guide for Exam 1Psychology 300Dr. StangorCHAPTER 1: IntroductionLearning objectives1. Explain what behavioral research is and why it is conducted.- Research conducted by scientists in social sciences- Data is ordinal- Goal is to discover how people perceive their world, how they think and feel, how they change over time, how they learn and make decisions, and how they interact with others2. Review the limitations of “everyday science” and intuition for understanding behavior, including the potential for committing the hindsight bias.- Peoples theories on how they make judgments don’t always correspond with how they make decisions3. Describe the scientific method is and explain why it is used by scientists.- Demands that it is objective and unbias- Other scientists can see exactly how it is done and potentially replicate it4. Differentiate facts and values and explain how the values of scientists influence their own research.- Values are opinions, facts are sometimes the basis of those values5. Outline the goals of basic and applied research and indicate how they are related.- Basic research answers fundamental questions about behavior- no reason but to betterunderstand- Applied research investigates issues that have implications for everyday life6. Summarize how a student can benefit by learning how to conduct and critically evaluate scientific research.- In the future they can conduct their own experiments and evaluate others7. Create a table showing the goals, advantages, and disadvantages of descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.Research Design Goal Advantages DisadvantagesDescriptive To create a snapshot ofthe current state of affairsGives a complete picture of what’s occurring at that timeDoesn’t assess relationships among variablesCorrelational To assess the relationships between and among two or more variablesAllows testing of expected relationships between and among variables and making of predictionsCant be used to make inferences about casualrelationships between variablesExperimental To asses impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variableAllows drawing of conclusions about causal relationships among variablesCannot experimentally manipulate many important variablesSample Questions1. Define the term converging operations and indicate its meaning in behavioral research.- Using more than one technique to measure the same thing in hopes of getting the same resultCHAPTER 2: Developing the Research HypothesisLearning objectives1. Outline how behavioral scientists get ideas for research projects.- Solving important real world problems, using observations and intuition, using exisiting research2. Describe what a literature search is, why it is necessary, and how it is conducted.- Locate research articles and books that contain reports of previous research- Helps prevent duplication of effort, helps avoid problems that others have had, helps with measuring variables, what research designs will be most useful- Start general with secondary sources and move more specific with primary, use databases and read abstracts3. Differentiate the role of laws and theories within scientific research.- General principles are laws, and a theory is a set of these principles which explains and predicts observed relationships4. Define the research hypothesis.- Specific and falsifiable prediction regarding the relationship among 2 or more variables- States existence of relationship and directionSample Questions1. Discuss the processes by which scientists get ideas for research. Be sure to describe the inductive and the deductive methods as sources of research ideas.- Inductive method- generalizing principles from specific examples- Deductive- a specific conclusion from a general principle2. Compare and contrast research hypotheses, theories, and laws. Indicate the contributions of each to research.- Laws are general principles, theory is a set of principles which explains/predicts observed relationships, hypothesis is specific and has a directionCHAPTER 2: Ethics in ResearchLearning objectives1. Summarize the four potential psychological threats to participants in behavioral research projects.- General principles- respect and protect rights, obtain appropriate approval prior to conducting research- Informed consent- psychologists inform participants (unless naturalistic or includes deception)- Deception- cannot conduct deception study unless the use of deceptive technique is justified, doesn’t cause distress- Debriefing- psychologists provide information about nature, results, and conclusion of research and fix any misconceptions2. Understand what facets may interfere with participants’ freedom to choose whether or not to participate in research.- When students are required to participate in research- Other institutions3. Describe the required components of informed consent and debriefing- description, disclosure, explanation4. Explain when and why deception is used in research designs.- Needed to get participants to act naturally- Sometimes more ethical to deceive participants into thinking they are going to be in acertain situation then actually put them in it5. Summarize how and when researchers may use animals in their research projects.- Sometimes humans cannot be used- Most with rats, mice, birdsCHAPTER 2: MeasuresLearning objectives1. Explain the difference between a conceptual and a measured variable.- Conceptual- abstract idea- Measured- turning conceptual variables into something you can actually measure2. Define and explain the purpose of the operational definition. Be able to give examples of operational definitions.- Precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable3. Describe the differences between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scale variables.- Nominal- name or identify a characteristic- Ordinal- orders it, but doesn’t indicate exact interval between- Interval- equal distances between scores- Ratio- interval scares with a true zero point4. Differentiate the use of projective tests, associative lists, and think-aloud protocols, and explain what each is designed to measure.- Projective tests- measure of personality, show an unstructured image and partiipants are asked to list what comes to mind- Associative lists- free format response (whites “materialistic and prejudiced”). Stereotypes- Think-aloud protocols- participants asked to talk into tape recorder the thoughts they