Study Guide for Exam 1Psychology 300Dr. StangorCHAPTER 1: IntroductionLearning objectives1. Explain what behavioral research is and why it is conducted.a. Behavioral research is research designed to study the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of human beings and animals. i. It is conducted to increase our understanding of behavior and provide methods for improving the quality of our lives. It also provides important information that complements other scientific approaches (ex: criminology, education). 2. Review the limitations of “everyday science” and intuition for understanding behavior, including the potential for committing the hindsight bias.a. Limitations of “everyday science” and “intuition” are that they are not particularly thorough and may have bias (even if unintentional or unaware of it); people’s theoriesabout how they make judgments do not always correspond well to how they actually make decisions; hindsight bias (the tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably could not have predicted) also exists. 3. Describe the scientific method is and explain why it is used by scientists.a. The scientific method is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use when conducting research. It demands that science be empirical (based on observation or measurement of relevant information), objective (free from personal bias or emotion), and based on what has come before it. It prescribes how scientists collect and analyze data, how they draw conclusions from data, and how they share data with others. 4. Differentiate facts and values and explain how the values of scientists influence their own research.a. Facts: Information that is objectively true.b. Values: Personal beliefs of an individual. c. The values of scientists influence their own research by making decisions about what to study, how to study it, whom to use as research participants and how to interpret their data. 5. Outline the goals of basic and applied research and indicate how they are related.a. Basic research: research designed to answer fundamental questions rather than to address a specific real-world problem. There is no reason to study such things except to acquire a better knowledge of how certain processes occur. b. Applied research: research designed to investigate issues that have implications for everyday life and to provide solutions to real-world problems. c. They are related very closely as some scientists who conduct basic research are influenced by practical issues in determining which topics to study. Both forms inform each other; basic research provides underlying principles that can be sued to solve specific problems and applied research gives ideas for the kinds of topics that basic research can study. 6. Summarize how a student can benefit by learning how to conduct and critically evaluate scientific research.a. A student could benefit by learning how to conduct and critically evaluate scientific research because both are skills that are useful in many careers and in life.7. Create a table showing the goals, advantages, and disadvantages of descriptive, correlational, and experimental research. Sample Questions1. Define the term converging operations and indicate its meaning in behavioral research.a. Converging operations: using more than one measurement or research approach to study a given topic, with the hope that all of the approaches will produce similar results. i. Its meaning in behavioral research has to do with combining descriptive, correlational and experimental research designs as a way to increase the effectiveness of a study. When using more than one technique to study the same things, the hope is that all of the approaches will produce similar findings. 2. What is the difference between values and facts? How does each play a role in behavioral research? a. (SEE LEARNING OBJECTIVE #4 ABOVE)3. List the three different research designs used to study behavior. Give one specific example of each approach that is not mentioned in the textbook. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? a. Descriptive research: research designed to answer questions about the current state of affairs. Example: The number of high schoolers who drank alcohol under the age of 18. b. Correlational research: research that involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of the relationship between or among those variables. Example: Single parent families produce behavioral problems in children. c. Experimental research: research that includes the manipulation of a given situation or experience for two or more groups of individuals who are initially created to be equivalent, followed by a measurement of the effect of that experience. Example: Playing violent video games causes aggressive behavior. d. (SEE LEARNING OBJECTIVE #7 ABOVE)4. Briefly describe three hypothetical studies: one that involves descriptive research, one that involves correlational research, and one that involves experimental research. Explain why your proposed studies are examples of each research design.a. (SEE LEARNING OBJECTIVE #7 ABOVE and PREVIOUS QUESTION)5. What is the scientific method and why is it used?a. (SEE LEARNING OBJECTIVE #3 ABOVE)6. Differentiate basic research from applied research, and give an example of each that was not mentioned in the textbook.a. (SEE LEARNING OBJECTIVE #5 ABOVE)b. Basic research Example: Biological study of how the blood is spread throughout the body.c. Applied research Example: Behavioral study of what type of intervention reduces child psychopathology.Additional Terms1. Data: information collected through formal observation or measurement.2. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r): a statistic used to assess the direction and the size of the relationship between two variables. 3. Program evaluation research: research designed to study intervention programs, such as after-school programs, with the goal of determining whether the programs are effective in helping the people who make use of them. 4. Quantitative research: descriptive research in which the collected data are subjected to formal statistical analysis. 5. Qualitative research: descriptive research that is focused on observing and describing events as they occur, with the goal of capturing all the richness of everyday behavior. 6. Research design: a specific method used to collect, analyze and interpret data. 7. Research