PSYC300 BOLDED TERMS:Chapter 1- 1. Applied research- investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provide solutions to everyday problemsi. Gives ideas for the kinds of topics that basic research can study 2. Basic research- answers fundamental questions about behavior; there is no particular reason to study these topics except to acquire better knowledge of how processes occur i. Provides underlying principles that can be used to solve specific problems3. Behavioral research- to discover how people perceive their world, how they think and feel, how they change over time, how they learn and make decisions, and how they interact with others i. Want to understand behavior as well as create solutions for everyday problems4. Converging operations- using more than one technique to study the same thingwith the hope that all of the approaches will produce similar findings5. Correlational research- involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of the relationship between or among those variables i. Advantage: can be used to assess behavior as it occurs in people’s daily lives ii. Disadvantage: cannot be used to identify casual relationships among variables and some outside variable can account for observed relationship6. Data- information collected through formal observation or measurement 7. Descriptive research- type of research designed to answer questions about the current state of affairsi. Provides a “snapshot” of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors at a given place and time ii. Types: surveys/interviews, naturalistic observation (based on the observation of everyday events)iii. Is research qualitative or quantitative? iv. Advantage: attempts to capture the complexity of everyday behaviorv. Disadvantage: limited to providing a statist pictures 8. Empirical- statements made are based on systematic collection and the analysis of data9. Experimental research- involves the active creation or manipulation of a given situation or experience for two or more groups of individuals followed by a measure of the effect of those experiences on thoughts, feelings, or behaviorsi. Create equivalence before an experiment to ensure that differences foundcan be confidently attributed to the effects of the experimental manipulation ii. Allows drawing of conclusions about the casual relationships among variablesiii. Cannot be used to study the most important social questions because the conditions of interest cannot be manipulated by the experimenter 10.Facts- objective statements determined to be accurate through empirical study11.Hindsight bias- the tendency to think that one could have predicted something that they probably could not have predicted 12.Objective- free from personal bias or emotions of the scientist 13.Pearson r- ranges from -1.00-1.00; positive values indicate positive correlations(people who are farther about average on variable will also be farther above average on another) and negative values indicate negative correlations (above average on one variable but are below average on another); values that are further from zero either positive or negative indicate strong relationships14.Program evaluation research- conducted to study the effectiveness of methodsdesigned to make positive social change 15.Quantitative research- descriptive research that is focused on observing and describing events as they occur (more subjective) 16.Qualitative research- descriptive research that uses more formal measures of behavior (including questionnaires and systematic observation of behavior) which are designed to be subjected to statistical analysis17.Research design- the specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze, and interpret datai. Three types: descriptive, correlational, and experimental 18.Research report- a document that presents scientific findings using a standardized written format i. Behavioral scientists frequently use the format prepared by the AmericanPsychology Association (APA) ii. Made up of Introduction and Discussion (subjective- refer to what topics are important to study and how to interpret data), Results, and Discussion (objective- describing actual procedures and the statistical analyses) 19.Scientific method- method used for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data within a common framework 20.Values- personal statements 21.Variable- any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different times or places Chapter 2-1. Abstract- summaries 2. Deductive method- the process of using a theory to generate specific ideas that can be tested through research 3. Dependent variable- the variable that is caused by the independent variablei. Known as outcome variable in correlational studies 4. Falsifiable- the variables of interest can be adequately measured and the relationships between the variables that are predicted by the theory can be show through to research to be incorrect 5. General- summarizes many different outcomes6. Independent variable- the experimental manipulation i. Known as predictor variable in correlational studies7. Inductive method- getting ideas about the relationships among variables by observing specific facts i. Own curiosity because the source of ideas 8. Law- principles that are so general as to apply to all situations 9. Parsimonious- provides the simplest possible account for outcomes 10.Research hypothesis- a specific and falsifiable prediction regarding the relationship between or among two or more variables i. States the existence of a relationship between the variables of interestand the specific direction of that relationship11.Tautological- theories in which the variables cannot be measured or in which the variables are vague enough that they cannot provide information to falsify the theory 12.Theory- an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts, many, but not all, observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry i. Good theories must be general, parsimonious, provide ideas for futureresearch, and falsifiable Chapter 3-1. Debriefing- occurs immediately after the research has ended and is designed to explain the purposes and procedures of the research and remove any harmful aftereffects of participation2. Deception- occurs whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it 3. Informed consent:i. A statement that the study involves research