PSYC341: MEMORY AND COGNITION8/30/123 exams, no finalshort answer, multiple choice, graph quesCognitive Psychology:- 1940s and 50s- people began to think of the world around them- Paul Weber- mathematical theory of information, formed foundation for digital world- Shannon’s information- A group of researchers invented cognitive sciences in California, Herbert Simon, Newell began to attempt to apply computers to solve problems- On way invented the entire cognitive approach to problem solving- Tower of Hanoi problem- tower of discs big to small, move discs from one pole to another, don’t put big disc on smaller- Took programs designed to solve individual problems and broadened it into a general theory of problem solving: the problem solver- Russell the philosopher- wrote a book that was seen then as the most towering intellectual achievements in the past thousand years, showed that mathematics is aclosed system, book was in form of theorems and proofs, very few could read andunderstand the book, worked with White- Newell and Simon let the general problem solver loose, gave it the same problem Russell and White had, got 80%, one of the proofs was a better proof then the Russell and White proof, Simon and Newell then submitted the proof to a philosophy journal and put the general problem solver as the author- The editors of the philosophy journal freaked out because it was such a big deal that the computer program could do what no one else could, Simon and Newell thought the way that the computer solves problems is the way that humans do- Determined humans don’t do it the way computers do, humans are parallel processers, computers are serial processers- Cognitive science is a computational discipline, it is about the software- what is used to make the system complete- Theories of cognitive science are computer programs- the program is the theory- The hardware/software metaphor- Looked at humans as information processing systems- Take input from environment- converted into different energy- construct environment as you experience it- What we see when we open our eyes is information processed- How can this help us understand human mind and behavior9/4/2012Theories:- Bottleneck theorieso Broadbent’s theory- first real info processing theory, insight into human mind, behavior, emotion Info from world around us is used in combo with what is used in brain already, interaction of those that produce our thinking and responseso Is info processing being driven by internal or external?o Bottom up- driven from environment, datao Top down- driven from info already in system, theoryo It’s always both External world  sensory memory  all or none filter  long term memory (inside is working memory) Sensory memory- evidence that it exists, some idea of it’s function, once info is processed raw info is in the sensory memory for a very brief time, believe there is a sensory memory for each modality, visual lasts for .5 seconds, auditory lasts a little longer, info in it Working memory- some info is being actively used and processed, where cognitive work goes on, limited capacity Long term memory- includes working memory, memory flows in both directionso Amount of info available at any time is enormouso Need to block out info to not overwhelm the systemo Attention theorists say the system cannot handle this amount of informationo Attention is a mechanism for blocking out the information that we do not want to process at the timeo Broadbent proposed: there is a filter between sensory memory and long term memory, to protect the working memory from overloading, argues that the filter is all or none (either lets info through or doesn’t), tune the filter but can only do it on basis of information that’s in the system, can’t set filter to do with the meaning of what you want to process o Data used to test this theory is shadowing in a dichotic listening task 2 messages, 1 sent to each ear, same voice, diff topics Try to get person to focus on the message from 1 ear (Set filter) Gave subjects a shadowing task, subject must repeat aloud the message in one of the ears, as quickly and accurately as they can, completely black off ear you’re not supposed to be shadowing Can set filter right vs. left ear, can’t set filter “let through fairytale”, info in fairytale stream hasn’t been extracted yet, so can’t set the filter to be meaning According to this theory: info from shadowed ear will go through to long term memory, info from blocked ear will end at filter If memory tested afterward: should have good memory of shadowed ear, and virtually no memory at all from blocked off Subjects can remember content well from shadowed ear and none from blocked, as predicted Ask about specific words: shadowed words recognition is good, performance is a chance is blocked ear, this is pushed, what if repeat words twice? Three times? 50% performance rate Subject is aware of change in voice or to tone in unattended ear (different rhythm, tone, sensory characteristic, pitch) breaks concentration Subject is unaware of change in language or backward speech in unattended earo Treisman’s theoryo Late Selection- Capacity theorieso Attention as capacity limitation- pay attention to different things in the environment Draw metaphors to things that are similaro Automatic and controlled processeso Shiffrin & Schneider9/6/2012- Broadbent places this filter between the sensory memory and long/short term memory- Type of a class of theory known as bottleneck theorieso Proposes: the way you process info is by having a bottleneck or “filter” placed- Early selection theory: places filter early in processing, like Broadbent- Late selection theory: places filter later in the process, more processing goes on before it gets filtered- Cocktail party phenomenon- in a loud noisy environment, focus on mouth, concentrate on your one conversation, can hear your nameo Shows that meaning is extracted, the meaning is being accessed- Mcgurk effect- relationship between hearing and vision in speech perception,hear “pa”-- but see “ba”- Broadbent’s student- Anne Treisman expanded on this- Tresiman is very good at both theory and inventive experimentation- Treisman’s model:o External world  Sensory Memory  Attenuation Filter  Long/ working Memoryo Attenuation Filter- strength can be adjusted- How is the meaning of a word extracted? Logogen theory- Logogen: