Cognitive Psychology-- Paul Weber- mathematical theory of info, foundation for digital world- Simon & Newell attempted to apply computers to solve problems- on way invented cognitive approach to problem solving- Tower of Hanoi Problem- tower of discs big to small, move discs from one pole to another, don’t put big disc on smaller- Russell the philosopher- wrote very intellectual book, math is a closed system, book was in theorems and proofs, worked with White- Simon & Newell let general problem solver loose, gave it same problem Russell & White had, got 80%, one proof was better than RW, submitted to philosophy journal, put “general problem solver” as author- Humans= parallel processors- Computers= serial processers- Brain= hardware, mind= softwareBroadbent’s Theory-- External world, sensory memory, all or none filter, long term memory (including working memory- Sensory memory- raw info, .5 visual, a little longer auditory- Working memory- actively used and processes, cognitive work, limited- Long term memory- includes working memory, memory flows in both directions- Need to block out some info to not overwhelm system- All or none filter between sensory and long term memory- Test: shadowing in a dichotic listening tasko 2 messages sent to diff ears, but same voiceo Focus on 1 ear (filter), must repeat this aloudo Should have memory of shadowed ear  As predictedo Subject is aware of change in choice or tone in unattended ear because it breaks concentrationo Unaware or change in language or backward speech in unattended ear- Subconsciously attending a little bit to a lot in the environment, just not enough for everything to reach the activation levels so meaning isn’t extractedBottleneck Theories-- Way you process info is by having a bottleneck, or filter placed- Early selection theory: places filter early in process like Broadbent- Late selection theory: places filter later in the process, more processing goes on before it gets filtered- Cocktail party phenomenon- loud noisy environment can focus on conversation orhear name, shows that meaning is extracted/accessed- McGurk effect- relationship between hearing and vision in speech perception, hear pa but see ba- Broadbent’s student Treisman expandedTreisman’s Model-- External world, sensory memory, attenuation filter, long/working memoryo Attenuation filter- strength can be adjusted- Logogen- simple threshold unit, activation level increases and when threshold is reached- neuron fireso Each word is represented by a logogen and a signal gets pushed o Threshold for name is very low- Test: o Shadow better if attending to meaning while doing the tasko Instant message switches attention smoothly switches to unattended ear, then switch back to shadow the attended ear (Broadbent thinks they will continue to smoothly shadow attended ear)o Triesman predicts that there is a brief moment of time when the ear switches and then has to go back to correct earLate Selection Theory-- Places filter late on to try to help problems from early selection theories- Attention starts to be thought of as a process rather than a componentShiffrin & Schneider-- Controlled processes- effortful, limited capacity, serial operation, conscious- Automatic processes- effortless, not capacity limited, do not interfere, parallel operation, not conscious, can run parallel because doesn’t interfere with each other- Test: visual search tasko Looking for target, appears on half of the trails, subject has to search for the target and press a key if present and a key if the target is absent, subjects complete many trialso First a single letter appears on the screen, that’s what the target is for that trial, then the target is removed, and a x appears where the target was and the subject is told to focus on the x, the x disappears and a circle of letter appears, x is there to help with reaction time and deal with extremely precise control, search depends on where you’re lookingo Independent variable= number of items in the circle (search set size), reaction time increases as set size increaseso Target absent: cannot attend to more than one letter at a time, run it seriallyo Target present: depends on where you start looking, if target appears equally often in all location- average time it takes find it is half the time is takes to search entire displayo Linear increasing with slope of the reaction time function of target present is half the slope of the reaction time for target absent 2:1 target absent: target present slope ration SERIAL PROCESS- Because if you’re serially looking at a letter one at a time, itwill take you twice as long to look at all letters if the target is not there- If attention is parallel, you can look at all letters at once so it will take you equally long to look for the letter in both conditions- Wanted to test if something could be changed from a controlled to automatic process- Test: consistent mappingo Group of letters, divide into 2 non overlapping sets, one set target, one set distracters, each target is consistently mapped and never changed, target isdrawn from same set but is not the same letter every time The letter always produces the same response- goes from controlled to automatic 1ST day: all 2:1 ratio, serial processing After training: flat parallel reaction time, indicating it became an automatic parallel process- Test: varied mappingo All letters in set 1, both targets and distracters, any time the letter can play either role After training: 2:1 slope ratio- Test: use words instead of letters (order matters)o 2 categorieso Any word can be target or distracter in any trialo Varied map people- any word can be target or distracter in any trial Produce 2:1 slope ratioo Consistent map people- some targets, some distracters Produce parallel reaction time- Test: replaces flower and animal names with new oneso Sensor info is completely new- couldn’t have developed automaticity to daffodil or meaning because they have never seen ito Consistent mapping: should be 2:1 because no training, but does not happen When put in new words they automatically respond producing parallel reaction times- Capacity limited component, has to be protected- You choose what gets let in, everything else blocked, everything in environment processed to some extentObject/ Pattern Recognition- Template theory- there is a template stored in memory and whichever matches best, tooooo much variance for this to be true-