Cognitive Psychology:- 1940s and 50s- people began to think of the world around them- Paul Weber- mathematical theory of information, formed foundation for digital world- Shannon’s information- A group of researchers invented cognitive sciences in California, Herbert Simon, Newell began to attempt to apply computers to solve problems- On way invented the entire cognitive approach to problem solving- Tower of Hanoi problem- tower of discs big to small, move discs from one pole to another, don’t put big disc on smaller- Took programs designed to solve individual problems and broadened it into a general theory of problem solving: the problem solver- Russell the philosopher- wrote a book that was seen then as the most towering intellectual achievements in the past thousand years, showed that mathematics is aclosed system, book was in form of theorems and proofs, very few could read andunderstand the book, worked with White- Newell and Simon let the general problem solver loose, gave it the same problem Russell and White had, got 80%, one of the proofs was a better proof then the Russell and White proof, Simon and Newell then submitted the proof to a philosophy journal and put the general problem solver as the author- The editors of the philosophy journal freaked out because it was such a big deal that the computer program could do what no one else could, Simon and Newell thought the way that the computer solves problems is the way that humans do- Determined humans don’t do it the way computers do, humans are parallel processers, computers are serial processers- Cognitive science is a computational discipline, it is about the software- what is used to make the system complete- Theories of cognitive science are computer programs- the program is the theory- The hardware/software metaphor- Looked at humans as information processing systems- Take input from environment- converted into different energy- construct environment as you experience it- What we see when we open our eyes is information processed- How can this help us understand human mind and