COMM 250 Review Sheet EXAM 1 Defining Communication Primary and essential goal in communication is understanding C Arthur Vanlear if we recognize a pattern across a large number of cases it permits us to generalize to other unobserved cases Frank Dance o o He believes that communication experiences are cumulative and are influenced by the past o He notes that present experiences inevitably influence a person s future emphasizes nonlinear view o Looked for a common definition of communication over 126 definitions depicts the communication process by using spiral or helix What are the issues involved in defining communication Must Communication Be Intentional o Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson 1967 Communication Pioneers You cannot not communicate all human behavior is communication Beavin when we are in the presence of other people nonverbal element some behavior is communication we do communicate at some level not all behavior is communication Intentionality is not necessary as long as meaning is extracted from a message then communication has taken place o Palo Alto Team when two people are together they constantly communicate because they cannot escape behavior o Motley theory one can not communicate Have correspondence we need some overlap Be Successful o Does the message sent have to equal the message that is received To what extent It will never be exact but Success and Intentionality are they connected o Does the communicator have to persuade people Do people have to meet their goals o Be Ethical o Should scholars only study ethical and honest behaviors Or should they consider unethical and dishonest behaviors as well Include Symbolic Actions o Whether or not communication should only include symbolic actions words and nonverbal behaviors that have commonly understood meaning Or should we also consider physiological symptoms stomach growling Include Cognition Thought and Perception o Whether or not communication is cognition thought and perception o Intrapersonal communication internal communication with oneself Is communication different from cognition thought and perception If not the same why do not go to social psychology Communication INCLUDES cognition thought and perception o The Dog Issue only study human to human communication or consider communication with animals only study human to human communication Be Human to Human Define Communication Communication a process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment o Symbols nonverbal symbols verbal language symbols o Meaning interpretation whatever we extract from the message o Process implies communication in continuous and has more than one part and goes through stages complex Establish meaning we interpret and create o Why is it important to define communication To give creditability to our field and to our major to give creditability to the academic discipline which is communication o Gives us focus on what we are studying o Gives us creditability when we stand up and say how communication is different from other majors Models of Communication all communication scholars agree on the process of communication MODELS 1 Linear Shannon and Weaver conceptualization 1940s and 1950s Interpersonal process a b One way model of communication c Sender person who has pure ideas thoughts and feelings that he or she wants to communicate originates the message i Encodes the message encode creation of the message transfer of thoughts into words labeling thoughts with symbols and organizing them ii Message meaning that we are trying to get across iii Channel the mode of transportation the way the message gets across we use 5 senses to send messages hear see touch smell and taste Speaking 1 2 Writing 3 Nonverbal 4 Physical action figuring out what is means iv Decode interpreting those symbols and the meaning that the sender is trying to get across to you 2 Interactional Schramm examined the relationship between the sender and the receiver Interactive similar to linear sender encodes channel receiver decodes noise a b ADDS FEEDBACK c d e Feedback response to the message lets the sender know the meaning that the receiver interpreted The sender and the receiver switch roles two way communication ongoing Stop start oriented sender starts the process sends the message to receiver and then stops then the receiver encodes the messages and sends a message back i Same message and trying to get closer to actual meaning ii Can happen over and over again texting email debate anything that is structured no one is allowed to respond until there is a stopping point f Channel must be some overlap of the field of experience person s culture experiences and heredity influence his or her ability to communicate g Criticism people are speaking and listening at the same time but what happens when a person sends a nonverbal message 3 Transactional a b Interpersonal communication Process is cooperative the sender and the receiver are mutually responsible for the effect and the effectiveness of communication People build shared meaning c d What people say during a transaction is greatly influenced by past experiences e Communicators negotiate meaning f Requires us to recognize the influence one message on another one message builds on the next therefore there is a interdependency between the components of communication The arrows are going both ways channels simultaneously communicating sending and receiving g i Due to nonverbal cues ii The sender and the receiver become blurred the idea that both parties are responsible for the creation of meaning sender and receiver working together to come to a common understanding h Communication takes place in a context box around the model i One context the place i e classroom church apartments ii Second context relationship i e romantic professional iii Effects what type of communication takes place topics how we go about reacting to a subject iv Different rules for communication context can affect the rules of communication o o o o o o o Types of Noise Noise anything that interferes with the sending and receiving of messages physical anything external to the sender and receiver that could interfere with the sending of receiving of messages i e cars and trucks driving by television visual distraction radio semantic technical jargon slang dialect apartment vs flat if we do not share a language system it would be hard for one to communicate psychological own thoughts anger
View Full Document
Unlocking...