Animal Welfare & Animal Care- Proper use of animals, including the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative- Support the humane treatment and responsible use of animals- Promote well-being and preservation of wildlife and domestic animals through education,shelters and programsAnimal rights- Oppose all us of animals by humans- No pets, no farm animals, no research (pet ownership is akin to human slavery)- Animals are like humans and have interests that cannot be sacrificed or traded for the benefit of others- Animal life = human lifeWhat is Biopsychology- Biopsychology: Physiological Psychology; Psychobiology; Behavioral Neuroscience- In essence, the discipline that studies the complex interaction between behavior and the body- Study of brain mechanisms underlying behaviorThe goals of researchScientific ExplanationGeneralization ReductionThe brain and the mindDualism- The mind and the body are different and exist independentlyRene Descartes- The mind and the brain are interacting with each otherMonism- There is only one existence- Materialism - Everything is material or physicalMentalism- Only the mind really existsWhat is consciousness?- Wakefulness?- The awareness of thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings- Is verbal communication necessary for consciousness?- Consciousness is a physiological functionBrain and personalityPhineas Gage- Damage of orbitofrontal cortex - change of personalityBiological ExplanationsPhysiology- Relates to the “machinery” of the body- “How type questions- Which parts of the brain and which chemicals are important for movementOntogeny- Relates to how behavior develops- Genes, nutrition, experience, physiology, and their interactions- Ex. BirdsongEvolution- Relates to the evolutionary history of a behavior- Why do some animals have salt preferences- Omnivores and herbivores Function- Relates to the function of a behavior- What is the goalGenes and behavior- More recent impact on the field- Many political and social ramification- Eugenics- “Nature vs Nurture” is NOT debated by ScientistsMendelian Genetics- Watson and Crick described structure of DNA (in 1953) and won the Nobel Prize for theirefforts- Rosalind Franklin helped, but didn’t share the nobel prize for her workDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- Double Helix- 2 strandsGene- Segment of the DNA- Recipe for a proteinChromosomes - Strings of DNAThe gene: the unit of heredity- Does not encode behavior, characters, talents- Encodes proteinsThe Chromosomes:- Strings of genes- 23 pairs (one set from mom, one set from dad)Nucleotides- Base pairs that run between the phosphate sugar backbone that creates the structure- Letters of the codeThe Nervous systemThe neuron- A neuron is a cell specialized to receive and transmit signals to other cells1. Dendrites - input / sensory of the cell2. Soma - cell body where the calculations are happening, where the integration of the inputs are happening, deciding whether or not there’s going to be an output event3. Axon Hillock - junction between the cell body and the axon. That is the deciding point; need to trigger the Axon Hillock4. Axon - 5. Myelin - 6. Node of Ranvier - 7. Terminal - end of axon; site of neurotransmitter releaseVisualizing the Cellular Structure of the Brain● Golgi Stains○ Fill the whole cell, including details, but only stain a small proportion of neurons● Nissl Stains○ Outline all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA distributed within the cell● Autoradiography○ Shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues● In situ hybridization○ Uses radioactively labeled lengths of RNA or DNA to identify neurons in which a gene is being expressed● Immunocytochemistry○ Can detect a protein in tissue■ An antibody binds to the protein■ Chemical treatments make the antibody visibleGlial Cells (Glue)1. Oligodendrocytesa. Make the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord2. Schwann cells (PNS)a. Multiple layers of cell membranes3. Astrocytesa. Metabolism, buffering the system, provides a second layer into the blood brain barrier4. Microgliaa. Cleaning stuff up when cells dieThe blood-brain barrier- Semipermeable (except at specific parts of brain called circumventricular organs, e.g. Area postrema, subfornical organ OVLT)- Formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in the blood vesselsPNS All cranial nervesAll spinal nervesSomatic Division (SNS) Innervates skeletal muscle.Includes general somatic sensory n’s.VoluntaryAutonomic Division (ANS)Innervates visceral organs: Smooth and cardiac muscleGlands and Adipose Tissue - InvoluntaryParasympatheticSympatheticEnteric- Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, fat-soluble molecules can pass freely- Other substances require active transportWhat are the parts of the brain- Superior / inferior- Above and below the brain- Lateral / Medial- Outside and inside- Proximal / Distal- Close or far- Shoulder vs finger- Ipsilateral / Contralateral- Same side vs other side of the brainPlanes: - Horizontal- Coronal (transverse) - Front of brain- Sagittal- RadialAcetylcholine and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptorOverview of Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)- Innervates viscera- Unconscious or involuntary control- Three divisions- Parasympathetic- Sympathetic- Enteric- Dual innervation of organs by Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions- Many organs have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation- One excites and the other inhibits function of the organ- Some organs don’t- Sweat glands, muscle of hair follicles and blood vessels in skeletal muscles get only a sympathetic innervationOpposition in Dual Innervation by ANSThe Parasympathetic division controls The Sympathetic division controlsCloses pupil to protect retina from excess lightOpens pupil to let in lightIncreases GI motility to promote digestion andabsorption of nutrientsCloses sphincters of GI tractOpens sphincters (stomach, rectum, bladder) Accelerates heart rateSlows heart rate “rest” Increases blood pressureIncreases blood glucoseIncreases salivary gland and mucosal gland secretion - digestionDilates bronchiolesVasodilation in erectile tissue of penis and clitoris - erectionEjactulation - contracts smooth muscle of associated penile structuresOperates all the time Operates all the time and capable of massive response in emergencies - “sympathetic discharge” ini the “flight or fight” reactionCranial nervesThe