Biopsych Professor Ruixang (Roy)Sensory and motor integrationAnatomy cells, structuresPhysiology electrical signalsChemistry neurotransmittersSensory & MotorSex, Food & SleepEmotions & StressCognitionWhen things go south?Triune Brain Theory: It’s wrong tho lol, lower level animals can show emotion and can reason- 3 layers of brain: Reptilian, Mammalian, Human- Rep: Brain stem & cerebellum fight or flight/autopilot (they don’t have emotions)- Mammals: Limbic System emotions/memories/habits/decisions- Human: Neocortex Language/abstract thought/imagination/consciousness/reasons/rationalizesQuizzes are on UB learns 15 questions : need 13 correct to get 100% (3 attempts on quiz) 3 quizzes will be dropped3 Class Participations PointsDecide on project topic by September 17th Alzheimers!!!Chapter 1-2: Animals in ResearchEthics in using animals74% mice are used in researchDogs and cats account for under 0.5% researchMonkeys account for less than 0.1%Animal rights vs Animal welfare3 R’s of Animal Research:Replacement, Reduction, RefinementWithin subject’s design: use same animal to do 2 steps (give them placebo then give the real medicine later) can act as both control and experimental. Cannot be used of drug has huge carry over effectBetween subject’s design: control experimentalHans Selye stressed out all his rats lolAnimal surgery types of drugs:Analgesic: pain killer (first step and last step to relax them)Anesthetic: knock out (second step)Antibiotic: treat bacterial infections (last step)Animal Housing:Standard (comfortable)Impoverished (uncomfortable, restricts them from eating their poop but they can be bored)Enriched Environment (uncomfortable, restricts them from eating their own poop but they havefun things to do in the cage)Chapter 1-3: History and PerspectiveHeart was thought to be the most important organ (ancient Egyptians threw away brain and kept heart). Aristotle thought the Heart controlled the mindIt wasn’t until the renaissance that the brain was known to control mind.Dualism: Mind separate from body: WRONGMonism: Mind and body isn’t separate it’s one thing (materialism and mentalism)Prefrontal lobotomy: destroys the prefrontal cortex thought it can fix psychological disorders.Mind control: brain stimulation with electrodes (inhibiting aggression in bulls)Optogenetics: control brain using lights instead of electricityTinbergen’s 4 questions:Ethology science of animal behaviorHow: Dynamic (ontogeny—development), Static (Mechanism)Why: Dynamic (Phylogeny—evolution), Static (Adaptation)Leptin is an inhibitory control over food intake (obese if leptin-deficient)Low leptin levels tell body to eatLeptin secreted from fat tissues obese person w/o leptin deficiency has a lot of leptin Thinperson has low leptin levels Leptin’s inhibitory function is ineffective so they have the urge toeat.Epigenetics: histone modification and DNA methylation can lead to changes in gene expression without altering the…?Chapter 2-1: Neurons and GliaReticular Theory vs Cell TheoryIssue is settled! Electron microscope shows the individual cells.Information is transmitted from cell to cell between tiny gaps called synapsesNeurons (never cells) NO MITOSIS in most parts of brain No New Neurons (NNN)Glia cells provide support for neurons and also participate in…?Within Neurons have electrical and chemical communicationsBetween Neurons there is mainly chemical transmissions (excitatory or inhibitory) Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators: acetylcholine, epinephrine, glutamate (excite), GABA (inhibit).Neuron’s 4 functional zones:Input zone: receives information from other cellsIntegration zone: decision to produce the neural signal (axon hillock)Conduction zone: transmits the information over distancesOutput zone: information transfers to other cellsDendrites: They taper off the further they are from the cell bodyAxon: The thickness of the axon stays the same no matter how farm from the cell bodyAxon Hillock receives information from stimulation, integrates it and makes decision to transmit information through axon and to the terminals, across the synapse and to another cell. (excitory or inhibitory).Axon wrapped with myelin sheaths to increase speed of info transfer, and to protect axon.MSIssues with myelin sheaths (CNS)Node of Ranvier: Gaps between the myelin sheaths where information can jump in between.Familiarize with Neuron cellDifferent Neurons1. Sensory neuron (input zone) afferent2. Interneurons (integration zone)3. Motor neurons (output zone) efferentAFFERENT OUTSIDE INTO SPINAL CORDEFFERENT FROM SPINAL CORD TO OUTSIDE NERVOUS SYSTEMS.A.M.E= Sensory-Afferent/ Motor-Efferent4. Multipolar neuron Most common5. Bipolar neuron in your eyes6. Unipolar neuronNot all neurons are myelinated short axons aren’t necessary to myelinate, doesn’t need the speed mainly interneuronsSynapses a gap between two neighboring neuronsPre-synaptic has vesicles that carry neurotransmittersSynaptic cleft narrow space in between the pre and post.Post-synaptic has neurotransmitter receptorsBinding Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor – one key can open multiple locks, neurotransmitters can bind to many different receptors for a certain transmission of info.Ligands bind to receptorsTypes of Synapses don’t have to remember just know there are different typesAxo-dendritic axon to dendriteAxo-somatic axon to cell bodyAxo-axonic axon to axonDendro-dendritic dendrite to dendriteGlia cells1. Oligodendrocyte makes myelin sheaths in CNS (brain + spinal cord) star like structure (has a few extensions)2. Schwann cell makes myelin sheaths in PNS (everything else)3. Astrocyte looks like a star, has many extensions compared to oligodendrocyte. Between the blood vessels & neurons for nutrients into neurons. Borders blood vessels from neurons. Reason for brain cancers (squeezes neurons if they get really big)4. Microglia SMALL mobile immune cells in the brain. Neuroinflammation in response tostimulusIn Brain:Grey matter: (on the outside) cell body + dendritesWhite matter: (more central) mainly axons (myelinatedfatty insulation)In Spinal CordGrey matter: (In the center)White matter: (on the outside)Necrosis vs apoptosisProgrammed cell death occurs in developing neurons and glial cellsNecrosis: cell death by injury, disease (expected
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