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UB PSY 351 - PSY 351 CHAPTER 5 EXAM NOTES

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PSY 351 CHAPTER 5 EXAM NOTESExperimental ablation- Investigates brain functions involves destroying part of the brain and evaluation the animal’s subsequent behavior. Excitotic lesions- slices through the hippocampus of a rat brain. Hippocampus with alesion produced y infusion of an excitatory amino acid. Goal of method method remarksDestroy or inactivate specific brain region:1.) radio frequency2.) excitotoxic lesion; uses excitatory amino acid such as kainic acid3.) infusion of local anesthetic or drug that produces local 4.) neural inhibiton infusion of a toxin attached to an antibody1.) destroys all brain tissue neat the tip of the electrode2.) destroys only cell bodies near the tip ofthe cannula; spares axons pasing throughthe region3.) temporarily inactivates specific brain region; animal can serve as its own control4.) destroys neurons that contain the antibody; produces very precise brain lesionsPlace electrode or cannula in aspecific region within the brainStereotaxic surgery Consult stereotaxic atlas for coordinatesFind the location of the lesion Fix brainSlice brainStain sectionsIdentify axons leaving a particular region and the terminal buttons of these axons1.) Identify the location of neurons whose axonsterminate in a particular region2.)Identify chain o neurons that are interconnectedsynaptically1.) 2.)Find location of lesion in living human brainComputerized tomography (CT scanner)Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI scanner)Shows “slice” of brain; uses X-raysShows “slice” of brain’ betterdetail that CT scan; uses a magnetic field and radio wavesRecord electrical activity of single neurons Glass or metal microelectrodesMetal microelectrodes canbe implanted permanentlyto record neural activity as animal movesRecord electrical activity of regions of the brainMetal macroelectrode In humans, usually attached to the scalp with special pasteRecord magnetic fields induced by neural activityMagnetoenecephaography;uses a neuromagnetometer, which contains an array of SQUIDSCan determine the location of a group of neurons firing synchronouslyRecord metabolic activity of regions of the brain1.) 2-DG autoradiography2.) measurement of Fos Protein3.) 2DG- PET scan4.) Functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI) scan1.)measures local glucose utilization2.)identifies neurons that have recently been stimulated3.) measures regional metabolic activity of the human brain4.) measures regional metabolic activity of the human brain; better spatial and temporal resolution than PET scanStimulate neural activity 1.) electrical stimulation2.) chemical stimulation of excitatory amino acid3.) trans cranial magnetic stimulation1.) stimulate neurons ear the tip of the electrode and axons passing through the region2.) stimulates only neurons near the tip of the cannula, not axons passing through the region3.) stimulates neuronsin the human cerebral cortex with an electromagnet placed on the headMeasurement of NT and neuromodulators releasedby neuronsMicrodialysis A wide variety of substances can be analyzedMeasures neurochemicals in the living human brainPET Scan Can localize any radioactive substance taken up in the human brainIdentify neurons producing a particular NT or NeuromodulatorImmunocytochemcial localization of peptide or proteinImmunocytochecail localization of radioactive ligandRequires a specific antibodyUseful if sunstance is not apeptide or proteinIdentify neurons that contain a parituclar type of receptorAutoradiograhic locatlization of radioactiveligandImmunocytochemical localization of receptorRequires a specific


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