Speciation: An Evolutionary Process - Assignment HandoutGeneral Background Information: Hybridization of HoneybeesActivity 1 – Procedure-II: Micropippetting and gel electrophoresis The MicropippetteSpeciationName: Trenton Mastin Lab Section: 004BSpeciation: An Evolutionary Process - Assignment HandoutPre-Lab: Follow the guidelines and steps for the activities as listed on the Lab Website and insert your work below. Read the lab unit, pp. 33-40. NOTE:*Activity 1 – Procedure-I will be done during the In-Lab meeting, but please read ahead.*General Background Information: Hybridization of Honeybees View the Presentation and answer the following questions:1. What is the difference between behaviors and characteristics of European and African & Hybridized Honeybees?Characteristic African & Hybridized HoneybeeEuropean HoneybeeNesting Small cavities/ exposed comb nests Large,well-insulated nestsGeneral Morphology Darker in color Lighter in colorWing length Very similar Very similar Swarming Swarm more often, establishlarge wild populations quickly Doesn’t swarm as often, getsout competed Genetic dominance This genotype is dominant toEuropean Non dominant genotype2. Scientists frequently use wing length as a morphological basis of determining if a hive has been “Hybridized.” What are the merits and limitations to this approach?Merit – inexpensive, measures quantitative traits Limitation – Need large samples to minimize sampling error, time consuming 3. Genetic analyses are also used by scientists to determine if a hive has been “Hybridized.” What are the merits and limitations to this approach?Merit – precise answer, rapid analysis Limitation – expensive and equipment isn’t readily available, determines only maternal lineageActivity 1 – Procedure-II: Micropippetting and gel electrophoresis The Micropippette4. Read pp 38-40 and watch the video and animation to answer the following questions:a. Why is it important to set up the gel with the wells facing towards the negative electrode of the gel electrophoresis box? This is important because the negatively charged DNA moves toward the positivepole of the electrophoresis chamber.b. When retrieving samples from a bullet tube, how do you use the micropipette with respect to the “first” and “second stop?”Name: Trenton Mastin Lab Section: 004BPress the plunger for the first stop, pause, then press the plunger to the second stop.c. How do you insert the sample into a well on the gel? Only insert the tip of the pipet d. What are some common errors when loading a gel? Not sealing the tray, too high of a voltage, run the gel backwardsSpeciation5. How do you best define a species? A group of organisms that share similar genetic traits and can reproduce.a. Include an example in which your definition may become problematic: With polar bears and grizzlies. Both share genetic traits and technically can reproduce fertile offspring. There considered two separate species, which contradicts my definition.6. What is so interesting regarding giraffes and speciation? It’s very intriguing to me that four groups of giraffes haven’t cross bred and exchanged genetic material for millions of years. Each species of giraffe has adapted to fit their environments whichis very interesting. I also wasn’t aware that in the last 15 years that the population of giraffes had declined by