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NCSU BIO 181 - Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular: The heart -Heart anatomy -Chambers of the heart o Atria-receiving chambers Small, thin-walled Right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus o Ventricles- pumping chambersRight ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunkLeft ventricle pumps blood into aorta -Flow of blood through the heart o Right side: pulmonary circuit pumpo Left side: systemic circuit pumpo Right atrium tricuspid valve  right ventricle pulmonary artery  lungs  left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aorta  body tissues -Details of intrinsic conduction system of the heart o If the sinal atrial node is not in control, other parts are too fast Arrhythmia: irregular heart rhythmFibrillations: asynchronous contraction of the heart muscle cells o Defibrillation: shock depolarizes whole heart/myocardium so the SA node can regain control and regulate rhythm Circulatory System -Overviewo Transport of nutrients, removal of wastes o Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)o Ventilation, circulation, respiration -Vertebrateo Circulatory system’s functions o 1) transport O2 from lungs to tissues; CO2 from tissues to lungs o 2) Distribute nutrients from digestive system to body’s cells o 3) Transport waste and toxic substances to liver, where many are detoxified, and to kidneys for excretion o 4) Distribute hormones from organs to tissues on which they act o 5) Regulate body temperature, achieved partly by adjustments in blood flow o 6) Prevent blood loss with clotting mechanism o 7) Protect body from bacteria and viruses by circulating antibodies and white blood cells-Bloodo Type of connective tissue composed of fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements -Valves in the Venous System o When the leg muscle contracts, the lower valve stays closed and the upper valve stays open, causing blood flow toward the heart. -Overview of the Human Circulatory System-The Hearto Two pairs of valves Atrioventricular valves o Takes .8 seconds o Valves opening and closing o Ventricles relaxed and filling (diastole) o Ventricles contracted and pumping (systole) Definition of evolution, species, natural selection, ecology, primary/secondary producingConduction System -Heart contains “self-excitable” autorhythmic fibers-Most important:; sinoatrial (SA) node o Right atrium wallo ‘pacemaker’o autonomic nervous system can modulate rate -each SA depolarization is transmitted o to left atrium o to the right atrium and atrioventricular (AV) node -AV node is the only pathway for conduction to the ventricles o Spreads through atrioventricular bundle o Purkinje fibers o Directly stimulate the myocardial cells of both ventricles to contract-Electrocardiogramo ECG/EKGo Recording electrical activityFirst peak (P) produced by depolarization of atria (atrial systole) Second, larger peak (QRS) produced by ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole)  Last peak (T) produced by repolarization of ventricles (ventricular


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NCSU BIO 181 - Cardiovascular System

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