Cardiovascular: The heart -Heart anatomy -Chambers of the heart o Atria-receiving chambers Small, thin-walled Right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus o Ventricles- pumping chambersRight ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunkLeft ventricle pumps blood into aorta -Flow of blood through the heart o Right side: pulmonary circuit pumpo Left side: systemic circuit pumpo Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aorta body tissues -Details of intrinsic conduction system of the heart o If the sinal atrial node is not in control, other parts are too fast Arrhythmia: irregular heart rhythmFibrillations: asynchronous contraction of the heart muscle cells o Defibrillation: shock depolarizes whole heart/myocardium so the SA node can regain control and regulate rhythm Circulatory System -Overviewo Transport of nutrients, removal of wastes o Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)o Ventilation, circulation, respiration -Vertebrateo Circulatory system’s functions o 1) transport O2 from lungs to tissues; CO2 from tissues to lungs o 2) Distribute nutrients from digestive system to body’s cells o 3) Transport waste and toxic substances to liver, where many are detoxified, and to kidneys for excretion o 4) Distribute hormones from organs to tissues on which they act o 5) Regulate body temperature, achieved partly by adjustments in blood flow o 6) Prevent blood loss with clotting mechanism o 7) Protect body from bacteria and viruses by circulating antibodies and white blood cells-Bloodo Type of connective tissue composed of fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements -Valves in the Venous System o When the leg muscle contracts, the lower valve stays closed and the upper valve stays open, causing blood flow toward the heart. -Overview of the Human Circulatory System-The Hearto Two pairs of valves Atrioventricular valves o Takes .8 seconds o Valves opening and closing o Ventricles relaxed and filling (diastole) o Ventricles contracted and pumping (systole) Definition of evolution, species, natural selection, ecology, primary/secondary producingConduction System -Heart contains “self-excitable” autorhythmic fibers-Most important:; sinoatrial (SA) node o Right atrium wallo ‘pacemaker’o autonomic nervous system can modulate rate -each SA depolarization is transmitted o to left atrium o to the right atrium and atrioventricular (AV) node -AV node is the only pathway for conduction to the ventricles o Spreads through atrioventricular bundle o Purkinje fibers o Directly stimulate the myocardial cells of both ventricles to contract-Electrocardiogramo ECG/EKGo Recording electrical activityFirst peak (P) produced by depolarization of atria (atrial systole) Second, larger peak (QRS) produced by ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole) Last peak (T) produced by repolarization of ventricles (ventricular
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