BIO 181 REVIEW TWO: GENERAL STUDY GUIDE Don’t forget the moodle links! Populations Density- calculate, label Dispersion- most common, least common? Growth- calculations! -exponential vs. logistic -limiting factors (density-dependent, density-independent) -carrying capacity -rule of 70/ doubling time Life-history strategies -r vs. K species, characteristics, examples Life tables- how to interpret Survivorship curves (Type I, II, III)- examples of each Human populations: doubling size, demographic transition Age structure pyramids Ecological footprint Species interactions Competition (intra/inter) Niche- fundamental vs. realized Competitive exclusion principle Resource partitioning Character displacement (allopatric or sympatric?) Predation Coevolution of predator/prey Herbivore/plant adaptations- examples Defense mechanisms of prey- examples, aposematic vs. cryptic coloration Mimicry- Batesian and Mullerian, examples Parasitism Endoparasite, ectoparasite, pathogen, social Symbiosis Mutualism- examples Commensalism- examples Communities Succession- pioneer to climax communities Primary vs. Secondary, examples Eutrophication Ecosystems Autotrophs, heterotrophs, detritivores and decomposers Autotrophs (photo and chemo) and heterotrophsProkaryotes Saprobes, parasites Obligate vs. facultative aerobe and anaerobes Protists: Phagotrophs, osmotrophs, mixotrophs, etc.. Fungi: Absorb, extracellular, some pathogenic, some parasitic Animals: Suspension, substrate, fluid, bulk feeders—examples of each Trophic levels and food webs- analyze (carefully!) Keystone species- definition and examples Energy loss—10% makes it to next level – calculate! Pyramids of energy, biomass, numbers Bioaccumulation Primary productivity- gross vs. net—how expressed Limits on terrestrial and aquatic productivity Nutritional requirements of plants Plant transport—vascular tissue Xylem, water, cohesion-tension, transpiration, stomata, guard cells (open, close?) Phloem, sugars, translocation, pressure-flow theory Human impact Biodiversity Fragmentation of habitat Deforestation-- Subsistence agriculture, desertification Introduced/invasive species Toxins – endocrine disruptors, etc. –website article!-- Global warming- gases responsible, how process occurs,
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