2/25/15 1 Brazil Anthropology 210 Discovery*of*Brazil*• In#1500,#Pedro#Cabral#lands#in#Brazil#1. Where#was#he#from?#2. Was#Brazil#where#he#intended#to#land?#3. Where#was#he#heading?#4. How#did#he#end#up#in#Brazil?#Map#of#Brazil##Spain*and*Portugal*• Why#were#Portugal#and#Spain#“behind”?#• Located#on#the#fringes#or#margins#of#most#trading#networks#• Cut#off#from#eastern#trading#networks#• FighNng#internally#with#the#Moors#• How#did#they#recover?#• With#gold#from#West#Africa#• Making#direct#route#to#India#2/25/15 2 Follow*the*Money*• How#did#Europe#come#to#be#the#dominant#power#in#the#world#during#this#Nme?#• Gold#from#New#World#• 1561U1580#85%#of#silver#from#Americas#• Controlled#flow#of#wealth#• CompeNNon#due#to#trade#in#Brazilwood#caused#Portugal#King#to#colonize#Brazil##Indians*of*Brazil*• What#happened#to#the#naNves?#• Missionaries#tried#to#convert#to#ChrisNanity#• Gathered#naNves#into#village#seZlements#• Taught#European#trades#• Taught#how#to#read#and#write##• Enslaved#• Women#used#as#concubines,#mistresses#or#wives##Portuguese*in*Brazil*• What#did#the#Portuguese#gain#from#the#naNves?#• Women#• How#to#hunt#and#fish#• How#to#build#canoes#• Prepare#manioc#• Build#open#houses#• Use#of#hammocks#• Use#of#tobacco#• Source#of#labor#2/25/15 3 Portuguese*sugar*plantations*#! 1600’s#exporNng#30,000#tons#of#sugar#a#year#• 2#million#pounds#(money)#a#year#• More#wealth#than#all#of#Britain's#exports#combined#• Cost#was#low#! Supplanted#Mediterranean#supply#• Luxury#item#at#the#Nme#! What#was#one#of#the#results#of#the#success#of#sugar#plantaNons#in#Brazil?#Slave*Trade*! How#many#Africans#were#brought#to#Brazil#and#used#as#slaves?#! When#was#slavery#abolished?#! How#did#Africans#survive#slavery?#Salvador*Bahia*• Highest#number#of#AfricanUBrazilians#• Where#can#we#see#the#influences#of#Africa?#• What#elements#of#Brazilian#music#are#thought#to#have#originated#in#Africa?####2/25/15 4 3*Forms*of*Music*in*Our*Study*1. Candomblé:#music#that#accompanies#AfricanUBrazilian#religious#rituals#• Songs#in#African#Languages;#kept#deiNes#alive#2. Capoeira:#music#with#dance/marNal#arts#form#• Most#common#in#Bahia;#various#languages#from#Central#Africa;#uses#the#berimbau#3. Samba:#music#and#dance#typically#associated#with#Brazil’s#Carnival#celebraNon#Candomblé*• What#is#Candomblé?#• SyncreNc#religion#• Took#elements#from#ChrisNanity#and#blended#it#with#African#religious#beliefs#• What#are#Orixas#(OUreeUsha)?#• African#deiNes#• SyncreNc:#God#of#iron#and#war,#Ogun,#is#understood#to#be#St.#Anthony#Orixas*2/25/15 5 African*Gods/Orixa*• Yoruba#god#typically#has#his#or#her#own#special#day#of#the#week,#food,#symbols,#and#songs#• Adherents#develop#special#relaNonship#with#one#god#or#saint#• Become#possessed#by#god#who#is#summoned#by#music#Film*• Ile#Aiye#(The#House#of#Life)#U#A#Film#by#David#Byrne#(1989)!• Director:#David#Byrne#Ra,ng:#NR#(Not#Rated)##• ILÉ#AIYÉ#explores#the#ways#in#which#Candomblé#has#influenced#the#daily#life#and#culture#of#the#people#of#Brazil#in#music,#art,#religion,#theater,#food,#dance,#poetry#and#more.##Candomblé*• Decentralized:#• No#overarching#hierarchy#• Members#belong#to#a#house#of#worship#• Differs#from#neighborhood#to#neighborhood#• By#the#early#1980’s#there#were#over#900#Candomblé#houses#in#Salvador,#Bahia#2/25/15 6 Candomblé**• Appeals#to#mainly#AfricanUBrazilians#• Incorporates#African#and#Western#beliefs#• Priests#chant#in#African#language#(e.g.##Yoruba)#• Believers#bound#together#by#rituals#• Believers#adopt#special#god#who#possess#them,#watches#over#them#• Music#is#vital#to#rituals#• Provides#solidarity#and#sense#of#belonging#Brazil Anthropology 210 Capoeria*• Originally#used#as#a#way#to#defend#themselves#• Quilombos:#Palmares#• EsNmated#20,000#residents#• Aner#slavery#was#abolished#capoeria#became#more#of#compeNNve#sport#• Master#teaches#apprenNce#2/25/15 7 Capoeria*• Berimbau#• Musicians#dancers#work#together#• OnUlookers#onen#sing#short#verses#to#accompany#the#acNon# Samba* • Originated#with#the#end#of#slavery#1888#and#the#end#of#the#coffee#boom#• Associated#with#Rio#de#Janeiro#• Expression#of#black#shantytowns#known#as#favelas'• Salvador,#Bahia#• Rio#de#Janeiro#• Group#Solidarity#and#IdenNty# Samba*(Dance)*• What#are#the#roots#of#Samba#dance#and#rhythms?#• Descendant#of#African#circle#dance:#batuque'• Use#of#African#belly#bumping#dance:#umbigada#2/25/15 8 Samba*(Music*and*Dance)*• Two#kinds#of#Samba:#1. Favela#(shantytown):#based#among#urban#poor#of#Rio#de#Janeiro#2. Carnival:#coUopted#form#organized#and#was#run#by#criminal#organizaNons#working#for#elite#and#government#Favela*Samba*• Favela#Samba:#• Lyrics#reflect#shantytown##• # (favela)#life#and#concerns#• More#likely#to#protest#oppression,#class#and#racial#inequaliNes#• AfroUBrazilian#samba#acts#as#an#affirmaNon#of#black#Brazilian#culture#• A#basis#of#idenNty#and#group#solidarity#Carnival*Samba*• Carnival#Samba:#• LaNn#Catholic#celebraNon#that#marks#the#beginning#of#Lent#• CooptaNon#of#samba#by#carnival#fesNviNes#• Samba#Schools#• controlled#by#criminal#organizaNons#and#government##• control#carnival#• promote#costumes;#marching;#elite#control;#mindless#but#costly#entertainment#2/25/15 9 1930M1954*• Getúlio#Vargas#• Takes#control#in#1930#• Moves#toward#an#authoritarian#posiNon#• RightUwing#dictatorship#similar#to#fascist#models#• Centralized#power,#state#intervenNon#in#economy#• IndustrializaNon#seen#as#criNcal#and#needed#to#be#supported#by#state#(incenNves,#tariff#protecNon,#credits,#direct#investments)##Early*Samba*• Samba#lyrics#dealt#with#2#things:#1. Malandro#the#Urban#Hustler#• Mocked#middle#class#values#• Heroic#dominant#stance#against###ruling##values#2.#Women#and#love#affairs##CoMopted*Samba*• Responses#to#governmental#version#of#Samba:#1. Produce#what#the#government#wanted#to#hear,#and#2. Use#of#character#who#was#a#sucker#(Otario)#2/25/15 10
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