1/4/14 1 Jamaica Sources of Exploitation Caribbean Visions of Jamaica | What%do%we%know%about%Jamaica?%| What%is%your%image?%| What%type%of%music%do%we%associate%with%Jamaica?%| Reggae:%Lyrics%often%refer%to…%{ Horrors%of%Slavery%{ African%Salvation%{ Rastafarianism%and/or%Ganja%{ Oppression%1/4/14 2 Image of Jamaica | Chamber of commerce style images | Marketed to tourists { Natural Beauty of island | Very different from revolutionary music of Reggae Original Inhabitants of Jamaica | Arawak Indians original inhabitants | What happened to them? { Murdered { Sickened and died { Enslaved { Worked to death { Flesh eating dogs Killing Arawak Indians1/4/14 3 Contest Between Emerging World Powers | Spain vs. Great Britain { British established Fort at Port Royal { Pirates plundered Spanish ships as they went by | When did British take over Jamaica? { 1655 %| Sugar Plantations brought the need for? | Slave Treatment | Slave Owner | Slave Driver Slave Trade Maroon Communities | Who were the maroons? | Where did they live? | In what time period did the Maroon War occur? | What was the outcome? %1/4/14 4 Christian Preachers | African-Jamaican preachers { Spread the news from other plantations { Brought information about worldwide events, such as the abolitionist movement in England | Sam Sharpe { Led slave revolt in 1831 { Precursor to abolition of slavery in 1834 State of Jamaican Identity § How do African-Jamaicans see themselves? § African-Jamaicans see themselves as Africans in exile § African religious practices outlawed § Biblical imagery found in latter Jamaican music § The Rivers of Babylon Revivalism | Revitalization Movements | Response to poverty resulted in a spiritual revivalism in 1860ʼs | Who was Paul Bogle?1/4/14 5 Capitalist Development 1860-90ʼs | What happened to the sugar industry? § United States companies buying sugar plantations for banana production § Displaced workers | What is Ethiopianism? § Strong identification with Ethiopia § Came to represent black pride Jamaica Development of Rastafarianism Rastafarianism | What%is%Rastafarianism?%Its%ideology?%%1. An%authentic%grassroots%movement%struggling%for%liberation%from%both%racial%and%class%oppression%2. An%attempt%to%reassert%pride%in%AfricanJJamaican%culture%3. Influenced%by%cultural%currents%encountered%abroad.%1/4/14 6 Development of African Consciousness in Jamaica | Consciousness%developed%in%Jamaica%through%folklore,%religion,%and%current%events%{ Ethiopianism%{ Abyssinian%Baptist%church%in%Harlem%| Italians%vs.%Ethiopia%1896%battle%of%Adowa%{ Symbol%of%Black%resilience%{ News%spread%to%new%world%%{ Image%of%a%strong%black%king%Map of Africa Marcus Garvey § Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) ú Became the largest mass movement among Black people at that time § Born in Jamaica in 1887 worked as printer apprentice, then a master printer § “Black Star Line”1/4/14 7 Ras Tafari aka Haile Selassie I | 1930%Ras%Tafari%Mekonnen%crowned%king%of%Ethiopia%{ Many%felt%prophecy%had%been%%fulfilled%| Was%a%politician%who%used%extensive%media%campaign%%Italian Invasion of Ethiopia II | Mussolini%invaded%in%1935%wanted%to%turn%Ethiopia%into%an%Italian%Colony%{ Haile%Selassie%leaves%in%1936,%returns%after%WWII%{ Blacks%blamed%League%of%Nations,%interpreted%it%as%a%race%war%{ Jamaican%newspapers%printed%pages%of%atrocities%being%committed%| Haile%Selassie%visits%Jamaica%in%1966%%Leonard Howell | Credited%to%be%the%first%to%teach%on%the%divinity%of%Haile%Selassie%{ Was%sent%to%prison%after%police%raid%| Established%commune%known%as%Pinnacle%in%1940%{ Grew%Ganja%as%a%cash%crop%{ Rituals%associated%with%Rastafarianism%%1/4/14 8 Symbols of Rastafarianism | What%are%the%six%symbols%(listed%in%text)%of%Rastafarianism?%1. Lion%%and%Colors%of%flag%2. Grounations%with%Nyabinghi%drumming%3. Dreadlocks%4. Ital%diet%5. Reasoning%ceremony%6. Herb%chalice/Ganja%Rastafarianism developed in response to: | Energizing%message%of%Garvey%and%the%UNIA%in%the%1920ʼs%| The%hardships%of%the%depression%era%| Haile%Selassie%I%Crowned%King%of%Ethiopia%| Italian%attack%on%the%new%black%monarch%| The%strong%Christian%messianic%tradition%in%Jamaica%Origins of Reggae Music1/4/14 9 Origins of Reggae Music | What%influences%led%up%to%the%creation%of%reggae%music?%1. Rasta%gatherings%2. Missionary%musical%influences%3. Jamaican%musical%traditions%4. Other%musical%influences%Origins of Reggae Music 1.%Rasta%gatherings:%| Early%forms%in%Rasta%ritual%drum%circles%known%as%Nyabinghi%%or%grounations*| Makes%no%distinction%between%performers%and%audience%| Drums%dominate%| Chant,%drum,%dance%and%perform%| Proper%respect%and%reverence%| Music%can%not%be%marketed%Origins of Reggae 2.%Missionary%musical%influence%| Rural%AfroJProtestant%Churches%and%sects%| Variants%of%Pokomania%(indigenous%religion)%combined%with%Christianity%1/4/14 10 Origins of Reggae 3.%Jamaican%musical%traditions%§ Mento%(1950s)%§ Blending%of%%European%socialJdance%music%with%AfricanJderived%styles%§ Ballroom%dances%used%fiddles,%flutes%%and%guitars%§ Added%banjoes,%rumba%boxes,%drums,%rattles,%scrapers,%etc.%§ Very%little%was%recorded%%Origins of Reggae 4.%Other%musical%influences%| Work%songs%(Day-O)*%| Big%Dance%Bands%of%United%States%| Jazz%| Trinidad%and%Cuban%music%1940s & 1950s | Big%Band%music%was%being%played%in%hotel%and%tourist%industry%{ Expensive%| Became%replaced%with%“Sound%Systems”%playing%%American%R&B%| Disc%Jockeys%{ Duke%Reid%{ Record%labels%1/4/14 11 American R&B & the Development of Ska Music | R&B%%influence%from%Jamaicans%travelling%abroad%and%also%Radio%play%on%the%island%{ Fats%Domino%became%popular%in%Jamaica%{ R&B/Boogie%woogie%went%on%to%later%influence%Ska%music%Ska |