2/25/15%1% KUKUI NUT HISTORY AND INFO Ø The kukui nut is the state tree of Hawai'i because of its many values. Ø The kukui kernel is used to make oils, shampoos, fuel for lighting. Ø The kukui kernel can also be cooked and chopped to use as a spicing - "Inamona". Ø Fishermen chewed the kukui kernel for clearing the water for fishing. Ø The shells of the kukui nut were used to make dyes in old times for the Kapa, or Tapa. Ø The nut was often used to make the "Hu", a top-like toy for all. Ø In ancient times, the kukui nut was reserved to be worn by the reigning chiefs of Hawai'i, known as the Ali'i. HAWAII BEFORE WESTERN CONTACT Ø Genealogies Ø Traced to mythic gods through chant Ø Pleiades star cluster = New Year Ø Symbolic Fertility cycle Ø Year god-Lono Ø Hula dance Ø Religiously used to invoke Lono’s interest2/25/15%2%SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS POLYNESIAN PIONEERS Ø 1st phase: Hawaii settled by Polynesian’s Ø A.D. 300-600 Ø 2nd phase: refined agriculture and aquatic food production Ø 600-1100 A.D. Ø 3rd phase: Expansion period: agricultural technology Ø Taro DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY Ø Ali’i Ø Nobles Ø Had to “conquer” the land by forming alligences with the maka’ainana Ø Taxes given to Ali’i Ø Commoners Ø All descendants from the same ancestor king Ø Tied to chief through reciprocity Ø Aloha2/25/15%3%RECIPROCITY Reciprocity: interchange of favors or privileges Ò Different levels of reciprocity: 1. Generalized: someone gives and expects nothing immediate in return; usually related through kinship 2. Balanced: exchanges between people who are more distantly related; more distant kin or non-kin 3. Negative: exchanges with people on fringes or outside of social system The reciprocity system in ancient Hawaii bound the Ali’i and the commoners together.2/25/15%4%MANA & TABOO Ø Mana-kings judged on how much mana they had Ø “Outstanding effectiveness in action” Ø Mana deserted chief who failed in battle. Ø Often referenced in terms of sheer abundance Ø Taboo-dangerous, marked or set apart Ø Divine is taboo MELE IN ANCIENT HAWAII v What is mele? v Poetical compositions v Exquisite imagery describing natural scenery v Who performed the meles? v Masters of meles were educated in the performance v Learned proper way to chant HULA Ò What is hula? Ò Type of dance that uses bodily gestures to tell stories Ò What was its purpose? Ò Considered a religious matter; an accomplishment requiring education and arduous training. Ò Kumu (teacher/master of hula) Ò Repository of knowledge Ò Has learned the tradition and will pass it on to those who will carry it to the future Ò Halau (the hall of the hula) Ò Location was of prime importance Ò Kuahu (altar) Ò Visible place for the deity whose presence was the inspiration of the performance Chant and hula: ‘Au’a’ia2/25/15%5%MELE & HULA IN ANCIENT HAWAII Ò Mele and hula performed for many different functions É Birth, purification, deaths, battles, feasts, welcome. É Reinforced the status quo. É Constantly reworked and changing to incorporate new genealogies and political landscapes. TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN INSTRUMENTS Ipu hula Pu nui Pu ‘ili Ukeke Uli uli Kaekeeke Ohe HISTORY OF HAWAII Film: Act of War: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Nation2/25/15%6% GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS Ø Presentation topics Ø Think about political movements that have taken place or are taking place currently outside of the US. (preferable outside of Western countries) Ø Make a list with 2 choices ARRIVAL OF FOREIGNERS Ø Captain James Cook 1778 Ø Fur trade from Northwest Ø Guns introduced Ø King Kamehameha I Ø Unified all islands in 1810 Ø Large army of 15,0002/25/15%7%SANDALWOOD & WHALING ERAS 1810 Ø Hawaiian sandalwood tree main trade commodity. Ø Queen Ka’ahumanu Ø Encouraged Christianity Ø Western dress styles Ø Whaling industry Ø Kept Hawaii from reverting back to a subsistence economy MAHELE REFORMS Ø Mahele (land division) of 1850’s Ø Privatization of land Ø Konohiki (land stewards) Ø Accused of taking tax money and gifts Ø King’s land & government land Ø Kuleana Act of 1850 SUGAR PLANTATIONS Ø Sugar Plantations Ø Mostly foreign labor Ø Reciprocity Treaty 1876 Ø Protect sugar economy Ø Criticized King Kalakaua Ø Catering to ha’ole (foreigners)2/25/15%8%TREATIES AND CONSTITUTIONS Ø Reciprocity Treaty renewal (1887) Ø US allowed to use Pearl River Harbor Ø Repair station for navy Ø Bayonet Constitution of 1887 Ø Limited the Powers of the Monarchy Ø Kalakua dies in 1891 Ø Queen Lili’uokalani Ø Americans overthrow monarchy (1893) Ø Annex Hawaiian Islands in 1898 Ø Hawaii becomes US’ 50th state in ________ NEW HAWAIIAN SOUND Ò Ukulele É Portuguese origins É “Jumping flea” × Musical example Ò Slack Key Guitar É detuned guitar Ò Steel/Slide Guitar Ð Sand 20TH CENTURY TOURIST INVASION v 1900’s tourist influx v Large hotels and resorts v Songs created as “Hawaiian” sound v Commodified commercial music v Hollywood musicals of the 1940s2/25/15%9%Hawaiian Renaissance v 1960’s new radio stations v Phillip “Gabby” Pahinui v Brought back traditional sound v Young people wanted to learn how to play the slack-key guitar and were able to learn from Gabby Hawaiian Renaissance v Hawaiian Protest music themes: 1. Love and Celebration for land 2. Hostility towards tourism and military 3. Preservation of Hawaiian beliefs v Israel Kamakawiwo’ole (IZ) Ð E Ala E (Arise) HULA REVIVAL v The revival of the Hula Merrie Monarch Festival Ò King Kalukua was known as the Merrie Monarch2/25/15%10%GROUP WORK Ò Israel Kamakawiwo’ole É Hawai’i ’78 É Listen to the song, then interpret the lyrics. É What