Central Places and Cities 103.10dDefinitions (Central Place Theory)Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Summary of Central Place Theory (CPT)Rank-size ruleRank Size Rule Example:Rank-Size RuleGermany - Does this fit the Rank Size Rule?Primate CitiesPrimate CityPrimate CityPrimacyCPT and World/Global CitiesFeatures of World CitiesMost connected citiesSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Bangkok – Example of a Primate CityExamples of Countries With Primate CitiesThe United KingdomFactors Encouraging PrimacyFor & Against Primate Cities in an LEDC like BangkokUrban Problems In Bangkok1Central Places and Cities 103.10dIdea of gravity- cities exert a gravitational pull on activities - cities function as central places and support activities around them- cities service areas around them  hinterlands or urban fieldsABStrength of influenceDistance (mi)Identify market or trade area to businessesFriction of distance in gravity and hence market influenceDefinitions (Central Place Theory)Hinterlands: areas (market or trade areas) that a city serves e.g. market area may be measured in terms of newspaper circulation or telephone class or journey to workThreshold: minimum number of people or demand (volume of sales) required to stay in businessRange: maximum distance customers willing to travel to purchase a good or service or perform a functionOrder of good/function: interaction of threshold and range–Bread: Low threshold and range  low-order good/function–Brain surgery: high threshold and range -> high order good/function2Some tentative conclusions:1. Low order goods and function are more abundant in space2. Higher order goods and functions are fewer in space3. Smaller cities have more lower order goods/functions4. Larger cities have more higher order goods/functionsHierarchy of cities (hamlets, towns, cities, metropolitan areas etc)3Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory (CPT)A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it Postulates that cities are central places which are organized in a hierarchical manner small towns have only lower order goods/functions and there are many small towns. Bigger cities have higher order goods/functions and fewer of them4Denver5Assumptions of central place theory:–Isotropic plane–Uniform distribution of demand and population–Cities depend solely on hinterland trade–No government or social class–Transportation costs are equal–Ubiquitous production input at same priceWhy are there very few large settlements?K=3 marketing principle A=city, B=towneach B (town) is midway between 3 big A(cities) (1/3 customers) and A is surrounded by 6 B townsmarket area for A = (1/3 * 6)+ 1 = 3ideal geometrical form = hexagonal 781/3 of pop to cities from town Town BCity A ABCDEFCity ACity Atowncity9Example -the highlighted lower order settlement (village X) will have 1/3 of its consumers go to the city (settlement A) and 1/3 will go to town Y and 1/3 will go to town Z (middle order settlements) All the other lower order settlements (red dots) will follow the same pattern.Settlement XThe high order (3rd order) settlement (A) in the middle is surrounded by medium order settlements (black dots) and lower order settlements (small red dots). These consumers are attracted in equal amounts to whichever large central place is nearby.YZWhy is K=3 called K=3?Hint look at the numbers of consumers who visit the highest order settlementSummary of Central Place Theory (CPT)1. The larger the settlements, the fewer their number 2. The larger a settlement, the farther away a similar size settlement is 3. The range increases as the population increases 4. The larger the settlement, the higher the order of its services. Deviations to this rule are: –Tourist resorts that have a small population but large number of functions. –Dormitory towns (e.g. commuter towns) that have a large population but a small number of functions10Gas stationsRoswell Cancer CenterRank-size ruleRank size distributionIf all cities are ranked in descending order, then the size of Citynth = 1/r * population of largest city r = rankCity population (mi) rankA 10 1B 9 2C 8 3D 7 4Population of Cityc= 1/3*10 = 3.33 miNote: population should be log-linear when plotted11Theoretically, if this urban system is rank-size, then:City A = 10miCity B =5mi -> (1/2)City C=3.33mi ->(1/3)City D=2.5 mi -> (1/4)Rank Size RuleExample:1. Largest City 1,000,000 (1/1)2. 2nd largest City 500,000(1/2)3. 3rd Largest City 333,333(1/3)4. 4th Largest City 250,000(1/4)5. 5th Largest City 200,000(1/5)12Rank-Size Rule Name Population1 Charlotte 630,4782 Raleigh356,321 (RS: 1/2*630, 478=315, 239)3 Greensboro 236,865 (RS=210, 159)4 Durham 209,0095Winston-Salem196,9906 Fayetteville 168,0337 Cary 112,4148 High Point 97,7969 Wilmington 95,94410 Asheville 72,78911 Greenville 72,05212 Gastonia 69,90413 Jacksonville 69,68813Germany - Does this fit the Rank Size Rule?•ACTUAL POPULATION•1 Berlin 3 390 000• 2 Hamburg 1 700 000• 3 München 1 300 000 •4 Köln 965 000•5 Frankfurt 640 000 •6 Essen 590 000 •7 Dortmund 589 000 •8 Stuttgart 587 000 •RANK SIZE RULE EXPECTATIONS•1 Berlin 3 390 000•2 Hamburg 1 195 000•3 München 1 130 000•4 Köln 847 500•5 Frankfurt 678 000•6 Essen 565 000•7 Dortmund 484 000•8 Stuttgart 424 000• RANK SIZE RULE EXPECTATIONS•1 Berlin 3 390 000•2 Hamburg 1 195 000•3 München 1 130 000•4 Köln 847 500•5 Frankfurt 678 000•6 Essen 565 000•7 Dortmund 484 000•8 Stuttgart 424 000•Primate CitiesA country's leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson, 193915Primate City16The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the countryFor example: London, UKBangkok, ThailandParis, France-the rank-size rule does not work for a country with a primate cityPrimate City17BangkokParisLargest City Population Second-largest City PopulationBangkok 6 million Chiang Mai 1 millionParis 9 million Marseille 2 millionLondon 9 million Birmingham 2 millionPrimacy•Primate city defined: when the largest city is at least twice (usually many times more)