Slide 1Transportation Networks in Historical PerspectiveTransportation Networks in Historical Perspective (continued)Time-space Convergence or CompressionCost-space Convergence or Compression (continued)Time-space Convergence or Compression (continued)Slide 7Transportation InfrastructureTransportation Infrastructure (continued)Personal MobilitySlide 11Slide 12Congestion - CostsCongestion - SolutionsSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Bike garages in AmsterdamSlide 19Manual taxis - AmsterdamSlide 21Transportation, Deregulation and PrivatizationDeregulation – Airline industryTransportation, Deregulation and Privatization (continued)Major Airline hubsTelecommunicationsTelecommunication and Communication -read textbook pg 35-38Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30SurveillanceCommunication technology and logisticsThe whopper dropperDigital Nomads (CNBC)Digital DivideDigital Divide Check out Tables 9.2, 9.3 and Figure 9.26Slide 37Telecommunications (continued)Slide 39GEOGRAPHY OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMSChapter 9Transportation and Information TechnologyTransportation Networks in Historical Perspective1. Water transport (rivers, canals, oceans) (to 1800s)Active canal building during early Industrial Revolution (1700s)Application of steam engine in 1807Opening of Suez Canal (1869) and Panama Canal (1914)2. RailroadsJames Watt’s steam engine (1769) on locomotives in 1829First electric streetcar in 1888 (Richmond, VA)3. Roads and motor vehiclesInitially roads were feeders to railroadsIn United States heavy reliance on automobile4. Air travelFor passengers and high-value goods•History of transportationTransportation Networks in Historical Perspective (continued)History of transportation (continued)FIGURE 9.5 The Panama (1914) and Suez (1869) canals greatly shortened world shipping routes, reflecting and contributing to the time-space compression of the Industrial Revolution and the new geographies it brought into being.Time-space Convergence or CompressionDistance DecayAttenuation or reduction in the flow or movement among places with increasing distance between themUnderlying principle of distance decay is the friction of distance—costs of overcoming spaceTransportation improvements result in time-space convergence or compression where travel between two distant areas is compressed in time.Cost-space Convergence or Compression (continued)Reduction in costs leads to cost-space convergenceCost-space compression altered the geographies of centrality and peripherality- cost space convergence arises when deregulation leads to a fall in cost of travel Cheaper, more efficient modes of transport widened the range of distances over which goods could be shipped Developments in transportation have also cut travel times extensivelyAir transportation provides a spectacular example of cost and time-space convergenceFIGURE 9.8 Cost-space convergence in telephone calls between New York City and San Francisco, 1915–2000.Time-space Convergence or Compression (continued)FIGURE 9.7 Time-space convergence between London and Edinburgh.Time-Space Convergence7Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructures allow countries to specialize in production and trade and form integrated spatial divisions of labor (e.g. Singapore and Hawaii – islands)Fast and efficient transportation systems allow the development of natural resources, regional specialization of production, and internal trade among regionsTransportation Infrastructure (continued)FIGURE 9.9 Major world roads and highways. Note: All areas within the United States, Europe, India, Southeastern Australia, and New Zealand are virtually within 25 miles of roads and highways.Personal MobilityRise in personal mobility  increased number of households with vehiclesTrip purposes vs Trip length*journey to work #1 #2*social/recreational #2 #1*other family/personal (3) #3 #3*Shopping #4 #4http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/pl08021/fig4_4.cfmGender differences: spatial entrapmentL810L811Figure 9.16 of text12Congestion - Costs13135 million drivers in US stuck in 2 billion hours of traffic jam each year = $78 billion loss in economic output Congestion cost/auto commuter (source: 2011 Urban mobility report)1982 = $301 2010=$713 Source: IBM Commuter Pain Survey 2011Congestion - Solutions(1) Intelligent vehicle highway systems or smart car and smart highways e.g. GPS/ microcomputers to guide driving, real-time information on accidents/congestion http://www.gcmtravel.com/gcm/maps_chicago.jsp(2) Automatic vehicle identification (express lanes, bus-only lanes, high occupancy lanes) e.g. Singapore’s electronic licensing, tags on US cars allowing express lanes, 407 in Toronto(3) High speed trains and magnetic levitation – e.g. Japan and France (4) Others (REGULATION) – Singapore’s auto policy?NPR podcaset: America's Car Culture Clashes with Climate Changehttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14142358Toronto’s high capacity lanes during Pan Am games 201514L815Magnetic levitation (maglev) train: Shanghai220mi/hrtrains will float over a guideway using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains Instead of an engine, magnetic coils on sides of walls create magnetic fields that cause the trains to “float” or levitate btw 0.5-4 inches above guidewayCommuter Drone -eHangGoogle’s driver less carWorld’s first self-driving taxisPittsburghWestern urban dwellers love their carsREBECCA DUBE Globe & Mail, 1/23/08http://www.prb.org/Articles/2006/LifestyleChoicesAffectUSImpactontheEnvironment.aspx?p=1 17Bike garages in Amsterdam18SingaporeManual taxis - AmsterdamL820TaipeiTransportation, Deregulation and PrivatizationDeregulation and PrivatizationPrivatization: free entry of new transportation operators began in the 1970sDeregulation: loosening or elimination of regulationsDeregulation and privatization have kept fares downMore competitive faresSurvival of most efficient companiesDeregulation – Airline industryUntil 1970s, transportation in the US and UK regulated to ensure quality and serve low demand areasAfter 1978, era of deregulation and competition (oil crisis – rise in energy prices) privatization to encourage competition  rise of low cost carriersHub-and-spoke NetworksAirlines restructured their networks so that they could reduce direct flights between most city pairs.Hubs serve as a central