Slide 1Concentric Zone Model by BurgessSector Model (Hoyt)An Example of the Sector ModelMultiple Nuclei Model (Ullman & Harris)Los Angeles (multiple nuclei)Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Informal sector - NYCSlide 13Slide 14Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)Slide 19Edge CitySlide 21Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)Problems of the U.S. City (continued)POWER OF PLACE #241 Models of Urban Land Use and Suburban PatternsConcentric Zone Model by Burgessa) Central business districtb) Xc) Zone of working class homesd) Zone of better residencese) X•Note: pink zone is a factory zone within (b)2abcdeSector Model (Hoyt)(a) Central business district(b) X(c) Low class residential(d) Middle class residential(e) High class residential3bacdeAn Example of the Sector Model4Multiple Nuclei Model (Ullman & Harris)Discrete centers due to separation of activities arising from different rents or agglomeration forces of certain activities(a) X(b) Wholesale, light manufacturing(c) Low class residential(d) Middle class residential(e) High class residential(f) X(g) Outlying business district(h) Residential suburbs(i) X5abc defghiLos Angeles (multiple nuclei)67ChicagoSingapore – colonial cityCharacterized by dual economies i.e. formal-informal or traditional-modern  XStrong port center than CBDX : settlements on outskirts of city with no land title or official recognition (Vod#23)Slums outside of city vs. inner city slums in the USA8Asian City9Dual sector economies:Informal Formal(traditional) (modern)Ease of entry Difficult entryX Overseas inputSmall scale activities Large scale activitiesX X-intensiveAdopted technology Imported technologyInformal sector10Jakarta: Modern sector vs. squatter settlements11Informal and formal/modern sectors: Bangkok (left), Singapore (right)Informal sector - NYC1213Suburbanization and Urban SprawlSprawl:- low density residential and commercial development on previously undeveloped land - usually X or expansion usually due to X14Paris (about 12 miles diameter)(compare to Los Angeles of about 22 miles, both cities’ population about 10 mi)FIGURE 10.8 The development cycle ushered in by the federal Highway Trust Fund. Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)•Post World War II Suburban Boom (continued)15Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)• Exurbs•Information revolution and X allow businesses, consumers, and entrepreneurs to move to the exurbs •Increasing standard of living and quality of life•Exurbs—50–150 miles beyond X fringe•Result of move to the exurbs is an urban geography dominated by sprawling conurbations (continuous urban networks) that encompass thousands of square miles and tens of millions of people16Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)FIGURE 10.9 Proportions of Americans living in central cities, suburbs, exurbs, and rural areas, 1950–2010.17Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems (continued)•Out in the Exurbs (continued)FIGURE 10.10 Exurban sprawl in the United States is producing vast conurbations with millions of people apiece.18Urban sprawl – Las Vegas19Edge City•Suburban cities on the X of central city.•1. The area must have substantial office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown) & substantial retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall); •2. The X must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes); •3. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment, shopping, recreation); •4. The area must not have been anything like a "city" in 1960 (cow pastures would have been nice). 2021Edge cityProblems of the U.S. City (continued)FIGURE 10.12 The cycle of suburban migration and urban decay. People moving to the suburbs from the city create the cycle of urban blight, which continues in most U.S. inner cities to this day.22Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•Urban decay•Process begins with urban affluent moving to X•Suburban property values increase (supply and demand)•Urban poor cannot afford to move -> X -> increase in public assistance•Eroding urban tax base forces local governments to cut local services and raise X23Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•Urban decay (continued)24Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto•Cores of American metropolitan areas have been centers of poverty•Formation of African-American ghetto traced to the 1920s•Rural south to urban north migration•Following World War II, inner cities were besieged by X•Unemployment rates rose steadily in inner cities from the 1960s•White exodus resulted in minorities becoming larger proportion in inner cities25Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto (continued)FIGURE 10.15 African American migration stream to the North and the West, 1920s–1940s.26Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto (continued)•In addition to poverty, inner cities suffer other problems:•X•Inadequate funding of inner-city public schools“BPS moves to close schools”http://archives.buffalorising.com/story/bps_moves_to_close_schools•X•Crime rates27Problems of the U.S. City (continued)•The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto (continued)FIGURE 10.16 Poverty rates in the United States, 2009, by ethnicity and location. Black and Hispanic poverty rates are three times that of whites, while, central-city rates are twice that of suburban areas.28POWER OF PLACE #24•Chicago: farming on the