Slide 1OverviewDefinitionDeaths due to cancerCancer statisticsCancer Statistics – Incidence MaleCancer Statistics – Deaths MaleCancer Statistics – Incidence FemaleCancer Statistics – Deaths FemaleMain typesMain typesMain typesMain typesMain typesSlide 15Development of cancerDevelopment of cancerSpread of cancerSlide 19Cancer Risk factorsOther important risk factorsCancerSection 1 BackgroundOverview•Section 1 – Background•Section 2 – Physical Activity and Prevention–Colorectal cancer–Breast cancer–Prostate cancer•Section 3 – Cancer control and Survivorship–Colorectal cancer–Breast cancer–Prostate cancerDefinition•Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues.•Many diseases (More than 100 types)• Lifetime risk for cancer = 1 in 3 • Has both genetic and environmental etiologyDeaths due to cancerCancer statisticsCancer Statistics – Incidence MaleCDC, 2013Cancer Statistics – Deaths MaleCDC, 2013Cancer Statistics – Incidence FemaleCDC, 2013Cancer Statistics – Deaths FemaleCDC, 2013Main types•Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.•Most common type–Lung, breast, colon, skin• basel cell and squamous cell carcinomaMain types•Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue•Non commonMain types•Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood•Acute- abnormal cells are blasts that remain immature and can not carry out their function –Disease progresses quickly •Chronic- abnormal blasts are present but more mature and can carry out their normal role –Disease progresses more graduallyMain types•Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Lymphocytes Lymphoma: Enlarged cells found in lymph system Myeloma: forms in plasma cells in bone marrow weakens bone, thickens blood, damages kidneysMain types•Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord•Many types based onthe cell from which it isderived •Cause is unknown •Progression variesDevelopment of cancer•Normal –Cell growth & division •Human cell reproduction: 50-60 times•Cell cycle genes–DNA damage/repair• Corrects abnormalities in DNA•1,000-1,000,000/day–Apoptosis: Programmed cell death•Cascade of intracellular signaling•50-70 billion cells/day•Extracellular signals (toxins, cytokines)•Intracellular signals (DNA damage)Development of cancer•Cancer arises from the loss of normal processes of cell growth/death regulation–Mutations due to DNA defects in cell•Proto-oncogenes (involved in normal cell growth and division) to oncogenes•Cell multiplication Genes – tumor suppressor genes •Cell destruction Genes–no longer oppose cell proliferation•Genes that repair damaged genes–Tumor development•Recruits blood vessels – VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)•Targets immune system – Natural Killer cells–Suppresses immunosurveillanceSpread of cancer•Two mechanisms–Invasion•Migration and penetration into neighboring cells–Metastasis•Cancer cells detach from original site–Transported through the lymph and blood circulation system–Settles in a new site and multipliesCancer Risk factors•Age•Most cancers occur in people >65• Alcohol•Mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, breast•Tobacco•180,000 deaths/yr •Lung, throat, esophagus, stomach•Sunlight•UV radiation•Ionizing Radiation•X-rays, radioactivity•chemicals•asbestos, benzene, nickel•Viruses/bacteria•hepatitis B or C is related to lung cancer•HPV – cervical cancer•Helicobacter pylori – stomach cancer•Hormone therapy•breast cancer•Family History•Diet•Sodium, Fat, Alcohol•colon, uterine, prostate•Overweight•Physical Inactivity•breast, colon, kidneyOther important risk factors•Genes–BRCA1 and BRCA2•DNA repair genes•related to hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome•related to ovarian, pancreatic, prostate cancer•Epigenetics–Heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence–May provide information about gene/ environment