Quiz 1 Review04. Attribution: Explaining behaviorWork in pairsTest your knowledgeTest your knowledgeOutline1. Counterfactuals1. Counterfactuals1. Counterfactuals1. Counterfactuals1. Counterfactuals1. Counterfactuals1. CounterfactualsFAE example video2. Inferring the causes of behavior2. Attribution Theory2. Causal Attribution2. Causal Attribution2. Causal AttributionSeeing CausalityTest your knowledgeTest your knowledge3. Processes of causal attribution3. Attribution and Covariation3. Covariation Principle3. Covariation Principle3. Covariation Principle3. CovariationSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Test Your KnowledgeTest Your KnowledgeTest Your Knowledge3. Discounting and augmentationHi Grandma!4. Errors and biases in attribution4. Self-serving attributional bias4. Self-serving attributional biasSlide 444. Fundamental Attribution Error4. Fundamental Attribution Error4. FAE – Example 14. FAE – Example 14. Fundamental Attribution ErrorSlide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 554. FAE and stereotypes4. FAE and stereotypesTask EffectTest your knowledgeTest your knowledge4. Causes of FAE: (1) MotivationSlide 62Slide 634. Attribution Processes4. Dual Process Example4. Dual Process Example4. Dual process modelSlide 694. The Actor-Observer Difference4. The Actor-Observer Difference4. The Actor-Observer DifferenceWhat does this picture show?5. Cultural differences in attending to context5. FAE and cultureTest your knowledge5. Digression: Cultural generalizability in psychology5. Priming Culture5. Priming Culture5. Social Class and Attributions5. Social Class and Attributions5. Social Class and Attributions6. Explanatory Style6. Explanatory Style Dimensions6. Explanatory Style: Typologies6. Controllability6. Controllability6. Controllability6. Gender and explanatory style6. Gender and explanatory styleWork in pairsTest Your KnowledgeSummary05. EmotionQuiz 1 Review104. Attribution: Explaining behavior2Work in pairs•What is the availability heuristic? Give a definition and an example!•What is the represent-ativeness heuristic? Give a definition and an example!3Test your knowledgeWhen are people likely to engage in biased information search?A. When they don’t care about a topicB. When they are from a collectivist cultureC. NeverD. AlwaysE. When a topic is self-relevant to them4Test your knowledgeI am particularly to think about this lecture as “passing on knowledge” rather than “talking about attribution” when…A. I am in the middle of the lectureB. I am preparing the lecture a month in advanceC. I am preparing the lecture the night before5Outline1. Inferring the causes of events2. Inferring the causes of behavior3. The processes of causal attribution4. Biases in causal attribution5. Culture and causal attribution6. Individual differences and causal attribution61. Counterfactuals•Thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened “if only” something had been done differentlyCan be “functional” by providing motivation for future behaviors (Roese, 1997)Happen especially for things that turned out badlyHappen especially for narrow misses71. CounterfactualsWells & Gavanski (1989)Her boss ordered her a dish with a wine sauce, not knowing she was allergic. The woman fell ill, went into convulsions, and eventually died.Choice between Dish 1 (with wine sauce) and Dish 2 (without wine sauce)Part 1: Read vignette Part 2: Read endingPart 3: Causal weight assigned to boss’s decisionChoice between Dish 1 (with wine sauce) and Dish 2 (with wine sauce)Scenario: A woman went out to lunch with her boss to celebrate her promotion. Her boss orders the food.1. Counterfactuals•Emotional amplification: Emotional reactions to counterfactual thinking increase depending on how easy it is to imagine the alternativeEmotions proportional to how easy it is to imagine it not happening•Who would experience more regret: Someone who misses their plane by 2 hours, or someone who misses it by 2 minutes?1. Counterfactuals•Emotional amplification•Silver medal syndrome (emotional amplification applied)1. Counterfactuals•Imagine there was an airplane crash in a remote region of Alaska. Suppose someone actually survived the crash, and started hiking towards safety. A. 75 miles away from the nearest town, they died of exposure. B. ½ mile away from the nearest town, they died of exposure.•On average, people recommended compensating the family $162,000 more for case B. Miller & McFarland (1986)1. Counterfactuals•Exceptions vs. routines – it’s especially upsetting when something out of routine and tragic happens. •Scenario: A man was severely injured when the store where he was shopping was robbed.A. He usually shopped at this store.B. He went to a different store for a change of pace•Participants thought he should be compensated $100,000 more for his injuries in version 2.•Dangerous jobs: implicit norms of never switching shiftsMiller & McFarland (1986)1. Counterfactuals•But: also more allocation of blame when things were out of the ordinary•Mugged while jogging the usual route•Mugged while taking a new route•Victim blaming, just because of anything unusual/counterstereotypical13FAE example video•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR_q96-YRzk 142. Inferring the causes of behaviorGeniushardworkingintelligentvisionaryLuckyaccess to computersclassmate’s parent had computer companygot offered job in high school and was allowed to take it2. Attribution Theory•Attribution Theories: Theories about how people explain the causes of the events that they observe•People tend to make very complex inferences about motives and personality based on very little information•We like to believe in our inferences, but there are many ways that they can fail us•Multiple interpretations/construals of an event2. Causal Attribution•Causal Attributions: Linking an instance of a behavior to a cause•Attempts to figure out why someone or yourself did something•Kurt Lewin: B = f(P,E)•Behavior is a function of the person (P) and the environment (E)•Causal attribution is the process by which you decide: Was this behavior caused more by P or by E and by what features of P and E, specifically?2. Causal AttributionBehaviorInternal or Dispositional: Something about the person caused the behavior. External or Situational: Something about the environment caused the behavior. so-called “ordinary dispositions” fall under this, too the actual cause