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UIUC PSYC 201 - Midterm Study Guide

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Psych 201 Midterm Study GuideThis list covers most of the things that may appear on the exam. You will notneed to remember the names of specific researchers for the exam unless specifiedin class. Feel free to email me with questions before the midterm. Good luck!Chapter 1- Milgram’s study of obedience- Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment- Hindsight bias- Fundamental Attribution Error- Channel factors- Construal- Good Samaritan study- Gestalt psychology- Schema- Implicit vs. Explicit attitudes/beliefs- Human Universals- Theory of Mind- Cultural Differences (individualistic vs. collectivistic)- States vs. TraitsChapter 2- Embodied Cognitiono Strack’s pen experiment (smiling to produce happiness)- Theory vs. Hypothesis- Observational research- Archival research- Surveys- Random sampling vs. Convenience sampling- Random sampling vs. Random assignment- Correlational research o Spurious correlation Third variable problemo Reverse causation- Experimental research o 3 key components: Manipulate independent variable Random assignment Control group- Internal vs. External validityo Which types of research have high internal validity? High external validity?- Reliability vs. Validity- Statistical significance (p-value)- Basic vs. Applied science- Ethicso IRBo Informed Consento Deceptiono DebriefChapter 3- Reflected self-appraisals- Situationismo Working self-concept- Cultural differences in view of the selfo Individualistic vs. Collectivistic  How do the “I am __” statements differ in each culture?o Powero Gender- Social Comparison theoryo Upward/Downward comparison- Narratives- Self-schemao Self-reference effect- Self-complexityo And effects on self-esteem- Self-esteemo Contingencies of self-wortho Cultural differences Self-esteem focus vs. self-improvement focus- Sociometer hypothesis- Self-enhancemento Better-than-average effect- Self-evaluation maintenance model o Reflectiono Social comparison- Self-verification theory- Self-regulationo Possible selves- Self-discrepancy theoryo Actual selfo Ideal self Promotion focuso Ought self Prevention focus- Ego depletion- Self-presentationo Self-monitoringo Self-handicappingo FaceChapter 4- Social cognition- how people think about, interpret, remember, understand, and arrive at judgements about the social world. (Rarely flawless, studying mistakes can help us understand general processes of social cognition) - Minimal information- we can operate with minimal information (rate faces on attractivemness, aggressiveness, likability, trustworthiness, competence IN MILLISECONDS). We make snap judgements o Thin Slice research- brief samples of people’s behaviors then being able to draw conclusions/ observations ( Observations are fairly accurate) - Firsthand vs. Secondhand information- firthand: direct experiences (more accurate because it is unfiltered) / secondhand: info heard from otherso Pluralistic ignorance-(firsthand) misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at a variance from their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences; those actions reinforce the erroneous group norms. o Ideological distortions- (Secondhand) person giving info have an agenda; emphasize some info (stuff they really believe in) and omit other info o Bad-news bias- (secondhand) 80% of reported crime is violent, 20% is actually not violent. Watching more TV makes people more scared of becoming a victim to crime (especially in high crime neighborhoods) o Negativity bias- (secondhand) we pay more attention to negative info What is the evolutionary explanation? Explain “why” this would be species-wide, heritable factor, threat needs to be dealt with ASAP What is the non-evolutionary explanation? Explain “how” it happens for any given individual, info incongruent with your current state attracts more attention than congruent info, Default state for humans is mild positive, negative info is incongruent and garners attention- Order effectso Primacy vs. Recency  Primacy: infor presented at the start is remembered better and influence judgments more Recency: Info presented at the end is remembered better and influence judgments moreo Why does the order in which information is presented to us influence our perception? Prior info can influence later judgements - Framing effectso Spin framing making something look more favorable by (de-) emphasizing certain aspects (ex: no one says they are anti-life or anti-choice) o Positive/negative framing how information is framed has power; if you emphasize losses, people are going to pay more attention to that and be more threatened. Mixed nature of things means it can be framed good or bado Temporal framing phrasing actions from a certain time perspective: past, present, future Construal level theory psychologically distant actions are thought about abstractly, whereas close actions are thought about concretely (Ex: going to dentist- Abstract is protecting teeth, concrete is getting cavity filled) - High level construl: focus on desirability- Low level construal: focus on feasability- Confirmation bias tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it (ex- reading reviews for stuff and looking for reviews that match your thoughts) - Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up processingo Top down: “theory driven” mental processing, one filters and interprets new info based on existing knowledge and expectations. Actively construedo Bottom Up: “Data driven”, put together pieces of info to see what you get, base your judgment/decisions on the stimuli you encounter- How do schemas influence:o Attention- selective, cannot pocus on everything, pay attention to what we consider ismost important and ignore the rest (Gorilla basketball video) o Memory Encoding/retrieval of information most likely to remember the info that captured our attention, important for judgment and subsequent action, many judgments not made immediately (made later based on info retrieved from memory). Effect on encoding is much stronger. o Construal Info already stored in the brain can effect how people construe new info. Mostly occurs when stimulus is ambiguous. We rely on top-down processing wo compensate for inadequacies of info obtained from the bottom up. o Behavior Certain typed of behavior are elicited when people are exposed to stimuli in the environment that bring to mind a particular schema (ex- walk slower when elderlyis brought to


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UIUC PSYC 201 - Midterm Study Guide

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