03. Social CognitionWho’s read the chapter?Test your knowledgeSocial cognitionTop-down processingSlide 6Top-down vs bottom-up processingCognitive MisersOutline1. The influence of schemas1. Donald Study1. Which schema will be applied?Half of you close your eyes…Half of you close your eyes…2. Framing2. Order effects2. Order effects2. Spin framing2. Positive and negative framing2. Temporal framing2. Construal-level theoryWork in pairsTest your knowledgeSlide 243. Information seekingSlide 263. Confirmation bias3. Confirmation bias3. Confirmation bias3. Motivated confirmation bias4. Misleading information: Pluralistic ignorance4. Misleading information: Self-fulfilling prophecies4. Misleading information: Self-fulfilling prophecies4. Other misleading informationWhich picture holds your attention?4. Negativity biasActivity5. Reason and intuitionSlide 395. Reason and intuitionSlide 415. The availability heuristic5. The availability heuristic5. The availability heuristic5. The availability heuristic: Fluency5. The availability heuristic: Fluency5. The availability heuristic: FluencyTruck drivers vs. ProfessorsTruck drivers vs. ProfessorsTruck drivers vs. ProfessorsTruck drivers vs. Professors5. The representativeness heuristic5. The representativeness heuristic5. The planning fallacy5. The planning fallacySlide 59Slide 606. Snap judgments6. Snap judgments6. Snap judgments6. Snap judgments6. Snap judgments6. Snap judgmentsSummaryTest your knowledge04. Attribution03. Social Cognition1Who’s read the chapter?2What does statistical significance measure?A. If it’s probable that a result was due to chanceB. If a hypothesis is probable or notC. If an effect is importantD. If it’s probable that the same result would have occurred by chance aloneE. If all participants were assigned to conditions randomly3Test your knowledgeHow people •think about •interpret•remember•understand•and arrive at judgments about the social worldRarely flawlessStudying mistakes can help us understand general processes of social cognition4Social cognition•“The procedure is quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient, depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that is the next step; otherwise you are pretty well set.”•What am I talking about?•Laundry5Top-down processing67Top-down vs bottom-up processingTop-Down Bottom-UpTheory-driven Data-drivenFilter and interpret new data based on what you already knowPut together pieces of information to see what you getBase your judgments/decisions on pre-existing expectations and knowledge (cf schemas)Base your judgments/decisions on the stimuli you encounter•Complex environment•Saving time and resources•See and remember patterns •cf. schemas•cf. top-down processing•cf. heuristics•Sometimes gives you accurate results, but will often fail you8Cognitive MisersOutline1. Schemas and priming2. Framing3. Biases in seeking information4. Biases in interpreting information5. Heuristics1. Availability heuristic2. Representativeness heuristic6. Snap judgments91. Attentionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY 2. Memory3. ConstrualDonald Study (Higgins et al., 1977)4. Behavior Elderly Priming Study (Bargh et al., 1996)(findings on this study are being debated)can be activated without us being aware of the stimulus that activates (= primes) a schema101. The influence of schemas111. Donald StudyDonald crosses the Atlantic in a sailboat…Set B:RecklessAloofStubbornSet A: AdventurousIndependentPersistentPart 1: Priming Part 2: Part 3: What is your impression of Donald?Result: Pps rated Donald higher on traits consistent with the schema they were exposed to in Part 1•The one that’s most strongly activated/accessibleWhich schema would be most “strongly activated”?1. Recent activation – if a schema was recently used in another context or brought into attention for some reason 2. Frequent/chronic activation – if someone relies on a schema a lot in their everyday life 3. Features of the current situation remind you of another situation / the schema matches match the prime121. Which schema will be applied?Half of you close your eyes…This person has been described as: Intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious•On a scale of 1-5, how likely are you to be friends with this person?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5Half of you close your eyes…This person has been described as: Envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, intelligent•On a scale of 1-5, how likely are you to be friends with this person?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5How information is presented can affect how it is judged•Order effects•Spin framing•Positive and negative framing•Temporal framing152. Framing•Primacy effect: information presented at the start is remembered better and influences judgments more•Recency effect: information presented at the end is remembered better and influenced judgments moreAsch (1946)•Someone is intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious•Individual rated favorably when adjectives presented in that order•Rated less favorably when adjectives presented in opposite order162. Order effectsA. “How many dates have you been on in the past month?”B. “How happy are you with your life in general?”•Correlation = .67A. “How happy are you with your life in general?”B. “How many dates have you been on in the past month?”•Correlation = .32 (Strack, Martin, & Schwarz, 1988)→ prior information can influence later judgments172. Order effects•Making something look more favorable by (de-) emphasizing certain aspects•No one says they’re anti-life or anti-choice•“US War Department”(founded 1789)renamed “Departmentof Defense” in 1949182. Spin framingParticipants: Physiciansindependent variable:dependent variable: recommending surgery or radiation for a certain type of cancer82% 56%McNeil, Pauker, Sox, & Tversky (1982) 192. Positive and negative framing100 patients had the surgery… Condition 1 Condition 2 90 lived through postop period 10 died during surgery/postop period68 still alive after a year 32 died by end of 1st year34 still alive after 5 years 66 died by end of 5 years•Helping a friend move next Saturday at 9 am vs. today in 20 minutes•Saving $50 by ordering the build-it-yourself version