1Key concepts and studies for First MidtermChapter 1ConstrualDarley & Batson studyFolk theories (contrast with science)Independent vs. interdependent culturesSocial psychology definition and objectivesChapter 2Correlational researchArchival researchObservational researchSurvey researchCorrelation vs. causationThird variable problemsReverse causality concernsExperimental researchControl conditionIV vs. DVRandom assignment (& self-selection)Hindsight biasReliabilityValidity (internal, external)Chapter 3Better-than-average effect (& when it occurs)Diversification & birth order effectsImpression managementSelf-controlEgo depletionSelf-regulatory resource modelSelf-discrepancy theoryActual & possible selves (ideal/ought)Promotion/prevention focusSelf-esteemCulture (Heine’s study on Canadian/Japanese self-esteem)Self-complexity theorySociometer hypothesisSelf-evaluation maintenance modelBasking-in-reflected-gloryImplications (i.e., for friendships)Self-handicappingSelf-image biasSelf-reference effectSelf-verification theoryIdentity cuesOutcomes (info recall, friendships, etc.)Social comparison theory (& when it occurs)Chapter 4Bottom-up vs. top-down processingConfirmation biasFraming effectsHeuristicsAvailabilityWhy it occursFluencyIllusory correlationRepresentativenessBase ratesNegativity biasPluralistic ignorancePrentice & Miller studyPrimacy/recency effects (& why they occur)SchemasHow schemas guide attention, memory, construal, and behaviorSelf-fulfilling propheciesSharpening and levelingThin slice researchTop-down vs. bottom-up processingChapter 5Actor-observer differenceAttribution theoryAugmentation principleCausal attributionHow culture shapes attributionsCovariation principleConsensusConsistencyDistinctivenessCounterfactual thinkingEmotional amplificationOlympic athlete studyDiscounting principleExplanatory styleDimensionsPessimistic styleFundamental attribution errorGilbert’s dual-process model (& implications)Jeopardy study (Ross et al., 1977)Just world hypothesisSelf-serving biases2Chapter 6Affective forecastingImmune neglectAffect-as-information (Schwarz & Clore study)Appraisal (primary/secondary)Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotionsCultural specificity of emotionsDisplay rulesEmotional accentsFocal emotionsCultural universality of emotionsBlind people and emotionsDuchenne smilesEkman’s 6-basic emotionsEmotionsDefining features of emotionsEffects of positive vs. negative emotionsEmotions in social relationshipsInfrahumanizationMimicryMisattribution of arousalMoral intuitionist perspective (Haidt)Peak-end-effectSpecific action tendenciesTwo-factor theory of emotions (Schachter & Singer study)Chapter 7Attitude-behavior consistency (5 lessons)The power of the situationThe role of clarity vs. ambivalenceThe role of firsthand experienceThe role of matching attitudes to behaviors (specificity)The role of automatic behaviorBalance theory (& multiplication rule)Cognitive dissonance theoryEffort justification (hazing study; time, effort, and money)Festinger & Carlsmith studyHorse track (betting) studyInduced (forced) complianceOverjustification effect (pay to study programs)Spreading of alternatives paradigm (Brehm, 1956)The take-home point of cog. diss.Embodied cognitionSelf-perception theoryInterpersonal simulationsWhen self-perception vs. cognitive dissonance occursReview questionsChapter 11. What is a construal? How do construals impact our thoughts & behavior? a. Construal: an interpretation of a stimulus, assumptions about the world2. What is the definition of social psychology? a. The scientific study of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals in different social situations3. How are social psychological theories different from folk/lay theories? a. People are usually much more complex than folk wisdom allows for4. What is the difference between independent and interdependent (individualist/collectivist) cultures?a. Independent/individualists focus on personality, distinctiveness (north america, mexico, europe, australia)i. Care about self esteem, self-enhancementb. Interdependent/collectivists-linked with other people, social roles, fitting in (east asia, south america, africa, everywhere else)i. Care about self-improvement, self-verification5. What is a schema? a. Generalized knowledge about the world and how to behave in particular situations and with different kinds of peopleb. Your schema reflects your construal of a situation/stimulusChapter 21. What are the differences between observational, archival, survey, and experimental research? a. Observational: A researchers observes people doing something and systematically records what they do (people don’t know they are in the study) b. Archival: Involves analyzing behaviors that are documented in records (observational)c. Survey: A researcher asks participants questions, usually through a questionnaire or interviewd. Experimental: manipulate variables—make participates do something and record results2. What are the different components of an experiment? a. Manipulation of independent variablesb. Random assignmentc. [Control conditions]3. What are reliability and validity? a. Reliability: Does a measure (x) provide a consistent assessment of the variable (X)b. Validity: Does the measure (x) accurately represent the variable (X)4. What is hindsight bias? a. People think results are more predictable than they actually are after they see the results. Say they knew outcome before it happened5. What is important about experiments? Why do we like using experiments in social psychology?a. To better understand human behavior (elaborate on folk theories, show when and why folk theories break down). To provide empirical evidence for our theories6. What is the difference between a correlational and experimental study? a. Observe naturally vs. manipulate variablesChapter 31. What did we learn about birth-order effects? How are younger and older siblings different? a. Older siblings are more dominant, achievement oriented, conscientious, traditionalb. Younger siblings are more agreeable, open to experience, rebellious, revolutionary2. What is the principle of diversification? a. People identify what makes them unique in each particular context and highlight that in their self-definitions i. Siblings tend to occupy different niches within the home/family environment so they can peacefully coexist3. What is self-complexity theory? What does it say about how people handle negative events? a. The tendency