HIST 226 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture 1. Texas Geography 2. Native Tribes 3. About the Native Peoples 4. Native Tribes Continued Outline of Current Lecture •Native Tribes Continued and Finished •The Spanish Empire •Spanish Missions and Explorations •The Spanish’s Search for Gold Current Lecture The Plains People •Tonkawa •Witchita •Lipan •Apache •Kiowa •Comanche Tonkawas •Numbers never exceeded 1000 •Loosely confederated into several loose bands •Distinct language •Changed materially by the arrival of the Europeans o Good scouts for the Spanish o Tonkawaya = they all stayed together. o Lighter complexion than other Indians o Nomadic hunter and gatherers o Matrilineal o Engaged in ritualistic cannibalism o Bufalo hunters in central Texas. o Occupied unfavorable area o Sought shelter at the Spanish missions Witchita •Raccoon eyed people o Unique tatoos around their eyes •Notable for how they gained an important role of a trade alliance with the Comancheso Middlemen in advanced trade network with other tribes and Europeans. o Only group able to do that. •Ag and horse culture Lipan Apaches •Word that means enemy “People / warriors of the mountains” •Heavily warrior based society •Eastern most groups arrived in 1000 AD, moved around and then returned around 1400 AD. •Bufalo peopleo Hunted in the spring and fall with bow and arrowo Ate raw liver afer first kill as a thank you for providing the bufalo.•Got horses around 1650.•Conflicted territorially with other plains groups.•No formal politcal structure.•Adopted many outsiders into their tribe•Leader was chosen for his wisdom and bravery (not hereditary)o No actual power, just gave advise•Considered the lords of the plains untl the Comanches arrived•Setled around the late 1600s•Soldier society•Engaged in sun-‐dance ceremonies•Nomadic pillagers•Horse culture•Originated in Montana and moved South•Dog cultureo Used them to pull sleighs•Polytheistc and animistic•1990 census = 5000 Kiowas alive and well in OK•1743 in San Antonio = first documentaton of the tribes•Horses could be owned•People had an individual guardian spiritCherokees•19th century•"The principle people"•Lived in South east•Hold more than typical degree of social and politcal organization•Adopted European material cultureo Clotuno Writlanguago Neer 182callThCherokee Phoenix•1790-‐1820 Came to Texas•Intense rivalry with Spanish and Mexican setlers for land•Heavily agriculturalAlabamas & Coushatas•Relegated to reservatons in East Texas where they lived in poor and terrible conditions•Invented the casino•Once poor, now very wealthy tribe•Descendants of the Pueblo Indians of New MexicoThe Spanish Empire 1500 - ‐ 1700•Treaty of Tordesillas 1494o Divided newly discovered lands outside of Europe East of the line would gotoPortugal, West of the lines would go to Spain. EXCEPT for Brazil.o Spain = major power in Texas for over 300 yearso The world's only super powero The Silk RoadDates from 1st century BCRefers to a network of intertrading roads that connected E, S, W Asia with Europe as well as N and E Africa4000-‐mile road. Sig fig of civilizatons of Afghanistan, China, India, ME, EuropeSilk was major trade item from ChinaReligions and philosophies as well as the Black Death.o Silk Road - ‐ Gun powder and modernity makes trade decline partly due to increasedEuropean maritmeexchanges•Monarchy of Spaino First Europeans to reach Texaso Nothing new for themo Spain spent 800 years reconquering their own country in a war VS the Moors from711 - ‐ 1492o Reconquista Brought unity to Spain. Linked govt with the Roman Catholic churcho Ferdinand and Issy married in 1469o Unified all Iberian kingdoms by 1479o Had three goals to create one naton / monarchy / faith Acted quickly to pacify the country Moved quickly to subordinate the nobles, the church and military orders Defeat the Moorso Ferd and Issy turn to foreign afairs 1492 commissioned Italian mariner Chris Columbus to sail from Spain to theIndies Make Silk Road less used•Religiono 3 main religionsChristianityJudaismIslam Ferd and Issy changed all that. Exerted control over religiono 1525 unilaterally proclaimed all units of Spain ofcially Roman Catholico Forced conversion was necessary but inadequate for integration Must be pure blooded•The Spanish Inquisitiono Key natonal agencieso Pope endorsed. Extended throughout Spain and meant to seek out and punish people that wouldn’t converto Was intended to just monitor the actvity of converts who were in the clergyo 1492 - ‐ most all Jews were exiledo 1502 - ‐ all nonconvertng Moors were also driven into exile•Mercantilismo Economic doctrine that posits a natons natonal security depends on absolute govt control of foreign trade Empirical Spain qualifies as mercantilist The crown regulated every aspect of the colonies. Absolutely forbidden to sell to other colonies. MUST sell to Spain.o Absolute control of foreign trade•Expansiono Got silver and gold from Mexico•Bureaucracyo creates frustraton and creates illegal trading with the French.Spanish Exploration MoralSuperiority ViolenceSpanish Superiority•We know beter•We're more civilized•We are obviously superiorDiversity•Spain failed to recognized diversityViolence•Spain can’t win Indian friends when you’re chopping their heads off or burning down their villagesImperial Context•All the gold is in MexicoColumbus•God, Gold and Glory•Texas = Bufer Zone against the Frencho Separates Mexico from LouisianaHernan Cortes 1519 - ‐ 21•Destroyed the Aztecs•How else could you win against millions unless God was on your side? Pineda 1519•First documented map was drawn•Reported that this area was inhabited by pygmies and giants•Called for a colony to be establishedPanfilode Narvaez 1528•Cuba to Florida in 1529o 400 men, 5 ships, seeking afer wealtho Unable to find gold and other riches and tred of having his but kicked by Indians, he ordered for boats to come and get him and his crew. Vessels were destroyed in a stormo All died. Except for 2 ships. 86 survived the storm but then most starved and got sick.o 4 were left in the end Cabeza de Vaca was one of the fourCabeza de Vaca 1528 - ‐ 36•Wrecked around