HIST 226 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture 1. Texas Geography2. Native Tribes3. About the Native Peoples4. Native Tribes ContinuedCurrent LectureTexas History - Texas Geography and Early Cultures- Terrain and cultureso Lybonoth - first to distinguish the land to be America and not Asia- Caddo - word that means friendo State’s motto = friendship- 1850 compromiseo Sold excess Texas land to US government for $10,000,000o 98,000 square miles- Boundary Riverso Red river - Northo Sabine - Easto Rio Grande - West / Mexico boundary- Geographyo Piney Woodso Post Oak Savannah Post Oak timber Light industry Commerce Educationo Gulf Coast Prairies South of Sabine to Corpus Houston - Most populated area Petroleum and chemicalo South Texas Plain Fertile prairie Petroleum, ranching and farmingo Cross Timbers Between Ft. Worth and Abilene Hardwood trees - oaks Peanuts, veggies, dairy, poultry, petroleum and coalo Grand Prairie West of E. Texas 253 growing days Ag segment Cotton, grain, sorghum, dairy, cattle, poultry, military- Ft. Hoodo Rolling Plains Limestone, eroded spacious plains Petroleum, ag, cotton, wheat, sorghum, cattleo High Plains Grassland Farmland and open prairie Underground aquifer - Ogallala Petroleum o Edward’s Plateau Extension of plains from Canada to Mexico Heavy wool industry Sheep and goat herdingo Hill Country Ranching  tourism and recreationo Transpecos West of the Pecos river Big Bend, Ft. Davis mountains Last region to be settled in TexasNative Americans- Paleoindianso Arrived in “Texas” approximately 12,000 years ago- 10-2,500 BCo Hunters and gathererso Desert cultureso Forrest efficiencyo Sedentary agriculture- The Archaic Peopleo Hunter and gathererso Dog - the 1st to domesticateo Corno Skilled potters Hinds cave in Val Verde County - 5-6,000 BCE- Near the Pecos River- Dr. Vaughn Bryant and Harry Schaefer excavated the siteo Used the Yucca plant leaves to weave and make sandalso Wooden comb - stained Did they dye their hair?o Wooden spears and cooking utensilso Rat fur fragment clotheso Grass and deer skin skirts- Latest Developmentso Cactus Hill Virginiao Monte Verde Campsite, Chile Advancing DNA comparisons NU-54 -- Dr. Robert DruleAbout the Native Peoples- Small Poxo Epidemic disease caused majority of the population to declineo Early 16th century 95% of 50-70 million native peoples were wiped outo Entire population of the US did not top 10 million until 1870o Small pox and the common cold wiped out most of the Indians, but they got the Europeans back by giving them Syphilis- American Indian Perceptionso Property Western thought: You can own stuff, land Native Americans: You can own personal items as long as it wasn’tnatural. You can USE the land, but you cannot OWN it.o Government / Liberty West: Centralized, monarch, dictator, etc. Native Americans: Sense of personal liberty. Make your own choices. Chief’s advice is considered heavily, but not strictly followed.o West makes agreement with chief, but chief doesn’t control his people. West viewed the natives acting against agreement as a broken treaty.o Social Organization Family and kinship- Marriage was monogamous and a wedding ceremony was rare.- Divorce was not unusual, Gender Roles- Native Men - hunt, fish, prepare for war, talk- Native Women - cook, pack, carry belongings, erect housing, menial tasks Religion and Spiritual Beliefs- Belief in a supreme being/s - Few were monotheistic- View nature as a phenomenao Wind, Rain, Fire, Earth- Supernatural power of shaman- The Coastal Groupso Coahuiltecans 1000 different group names Lived south of Austin, Texas to Brownsville Spent entire existence looking for food- Starving all the time Hunt / gather Moved with the seasons Ate spiders, worms, deer poop, rotten wood The Second Harvest - ate their own poop Female infanticide for population control Gave in to Spanish missions Disease wiped out alot of them Annihilated in Texas during Spanish period European livestock grazing altered their landscapeo Karankawas Highly skilled hunters, archers and fishermen 5 distinct boundaries Names means “dog lovers”? Known for physical shape Formidable wrestlers Savage appearance- Pierced their nipples and lip Learned to smear alligator grease for mosquito repellant Nomadic Diet depends on seasons Unsuccessful integration into Spanish missions Kinship based - Community centered around family ABSOLUTELY NO incest- Wives chosen from different tribes Charged with cannibalism (no evidence though) Demise was disease and white settlemento Atakapans Dozens of groups, spoke the same language Nomadic Accounts of them from Cabeza de Vaca Practiced cannibalism Their belief on people eaten by other men- Eaten = eternally damned- Eater = great power- War tactic Alot in common with Caddo and Karankawa Population topped 3,500 Cherished their children- Fathers changed their name when child is borno “Father of ….” Man washed up on shore and ordered to do good- Do good, go up- Do bad, go down 1908, only 9 known descendents exist- Ag Society Nativeso Caddo Homes look like a tiered teepee 7th century population = 8,000 Sedentary population / ag society Didn’t worry about starving Culture in Oklahoma 25 groups 3-6 loose confederacies Most civilized - Called “The Romans of Texas” by Europeans Social and political organization- Matrilineal Clearly defined chief System of priests and rituals- Made Spanish Christianization difficult except with the tribal elders Monotheistico Jumanos Less is known about this group Residents of West Texas Agricultural Traders Tall and muscular Extinct by 1700s Climatic changes forced them on the plains Invited Spanish missions multiple times Cultural disintegration due to Spanish slave