Name _____________________ Section____________ANT 3514 – Introduction to Biological AnthropologyPrimate Behavior and Comparative AnatomyLab 2, Week of 5/22/2006Station 1: IdentificationUsing the skulls and pictures provided, circle which monkey is platyrrhine and which is catarrhine. Give at least one morphological (cranial or post-cranial) reason for each:Platyrrhine primate: A B reason:___________________________Catarrhine primate: A B reason:___________________________Station 2: LocomotionName two skeletal characteristics unique to each of these modes of locomotion:Leaper1._________________________ 2.____________________________Arboreal Quadruped1._________________________ 2.____________________________Suspensory Brachiator1._________________________ 2.____________________________Station 3: Primate classification and character traitsPrimates are classified in different ways. Complete the following tables illustrating someof the classifications and differentiating characteristics of each.Strepsirhine HaplorhineRhinariumDental specializationMorphology of mandible2-part mandible (unfused) Single (fused) mandibleEye placementEye socket morphology Postorbital bar – eye surrounded by a complete bony ring (zygomatic bone + frontal bones)Postorbital closure – eye lies within bony cup (postorbital bar +postorbital plate)MuzzleThe Haplorhine primates can further be divided into these two infraorders:Platyrrhine (New World monkeys) Catarrhine (Old World monkeys, apes)NostrilsDental Formula# of premolars(total)Tail -present? -prehensile?Station 4: Primate Taxonomic ClassificationComplete the following abbreviated taxonomy using your book and the website http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Primates.htmlPART 2: PRIMATE BEHAVIORStation 5: Social Strategies: Behavioral ‘Currencies’A) Grooming: pretend you are an adult female monkey, why would you spend time grooming:a) an infant ______________________________________________________b) an adult male ____________________________________________________c) another adult female _______________________________________________B) Alloparenting: why might the following individuals partake in this energetically costly behavior?a) an adult female ______________________________________________b) an adult male ________________________________________________c) a juvenile ___________________________________________________Station 6: Group LivingA) Name 3 reasons why a primate would want to live in a group:1.2.3.B) Name 5 types of social systems & identify a primate which exemplifies each:1.2.3. 4.5. Station 7: DominanceA) How do dominance hierarchies reduce aggression?B) Name 2 costs & benefits associated with being dominant:Costs Benefits1. 1.2. 2.Station 8: Infanticide A) Why would a male primate commit infanticide?B) Why would a female mate with a male after he killed her baby?READING QUESTION: In your opinion, do you think chimps have culture? Why or why not? Provide supporting evidence for your argument from Article # 19.PART 3: HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMYNote: 1. Handle the bones with extreme care and respect.2. Some of the following questions may require you to refer to your textbook or an osteological website.S tation 1 0 : SkullThe skull (cranium and mandible) plays an important role in biological anthropology in terms of determining age, sex, ancestry, and understanding evolution history.Name the bones/suture marked with dots. (No order required for the bones)1. ______________ suture 2. ______________ bone 4. ______________bone3. ______________ bone 5. ______________boneS tation 11 : DentitionTeeth are one of the best preserved elements of skeletal remains. Their morphology is useful in constructing phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant organisms. Examine the dental casts provided and answer the following questions.1. What are the four tooth types of human?2. What is the dental formula of human? The dental formula is determined by looking ateach tooth type from the midline to the back and counting how many there are of each type (# Incisors : # Canines : # Premolars : # Molars) S tation 12 : PelvisHuman pelvis is composed of three bones: the os coxae (right and left), sacrum, and coccyx. The pelvis serves to protect and support abdominal organs, and anchor abdominal and leg muscles. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. There are two human pelves (A and B) in this station. Refer to the comparative graphs provided here, answer the following questions.1. Which sex does pelvis A represent? Briefly state your reasons.2. Name the bone marked with blue dot.S tation 13 : ThoraxThe thorax, or chest, is a cage-like structure that serves to protect vital organs and assist breathing. Its shape and orientation are important traits in human evolution. 1. What is the bone in the tray? ________2. Observe the articulated skeletons near this station, how many pairs of this bone are ona human skeleton? __________3. What does this bone attach to on the back of the body? _____________S tation 14 : Upper limbObserve the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions.1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _____________2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _____________3. What is the other bone that is a part of the elbow joint? ________________S tation 15 : Lower limbLower limbs are directly associated with locomotion. The bones in this area are responsible of bearing and transporting body weight during locomotion. Refer to the diagram provided and the articulated skeleton near this station and answer the following questions.1. What are the three bones that form the knee joint?2. Name the two landmarks marked with dots on the femur and os coxa.Station 16: Spinal ColumnWhat characteristic of the spinal column allows humans to maintain a vertical center of gravity when standing in an upright position?PART 4: HOMINOID COMPARATIVE ANATOMYStation 17: DentitionA. Which set of teeth is human and why?B. Write down the dental formula for each of the following sets of teeth:a.b.c.d.e.C. Answer the following question using the labeled sets of teeth.Is “A” a NW monkey, OW monkey, ape or human? How do you know?Does “B” have bilophodont or Y-5 cusp