ANT 3514 – Introduction to Biological AnthropologyHuman Osteology LAB 5, Week of 2/7/05NOTE: Some of the following questions may require you to look up the answers at homeusing a textbook or an osteology website. STATION 1: SkullThe skull (cranium and mandible) plays an important role in physical anthropology in terms of determining age, sex, race, and understanding evolutionary history.Name the three sutures marked with dots. Name the three cranial bones at this station.1._________________________ A.________________________2._________________________ B.________________________3._________________________ C.________________________b). In front of you are three cranial fragments. Using the diagrams and the complete cranium identify these fragments.1.__________________ 2.___________________ 3. ______________________STATION 2: Vertebral ColumnExamine the vertebral column. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are movable. Meanwhile the sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae. They are part of the bony pelvis. a). In addition to being called the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae, these bones are also given specific names. What are they?b). Of the 3 aforementioned types of movable vertebrae, which type lies right above the bony pelvis?STATION 3: Thorax (Sternum and Ribs)The thorax, or chest, is a cage-like structure made up of bone and cartilage. The sternum (breast bone) and 12 pairs of ribs make up the bony component. The thorax protects the heart and lungs and assists in breathing.What do the ribs attach to on the back of the body? _________________What do the ribs attach to on the front of the body? __________________Which pairs of ribs are interconnected medially by common cartilages that attach to the sternum? _________________The sternum anchors the shoulder girdle to the thorax. What 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle? ____________________ _____________________STATION 4: PelvisThe human pelvis is composed of 3 bones; the os coxae (left and right), sacrum, and coccyx. The pelvis serves to protect and support abdominal organs as well as anchor abdominal and leg muscles. In a forensic and paleontology context, these bones provide valuable information in determining sex.a). Which bones of the pelvis are fused vertebrae?_____________________ ____________________b). Compare the os coxa specimen provided with the male and female pelvises shown in the diagram. Is the anatomical specimen male or female? Justify your answer.STATION 5: Upper LimbThree bones make up the upper limb: the humerus, radius, and ulna. Look at the anatomical specimen when answering the following questions.a). Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? ___________b). Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? ___________c). Which bones form the elbow joint? ___________ _____________ (i.e., Which 2 bones allow you to bend the elbow?)STATION 6: Lower LimbThe bones of the leg are the femur, tibia and fibula. As the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the skeleton the femur provides valuable information about an individual’s stature. a). The fibula is on what side of the body (i.e., medial or lateral)? ________________b). Examine the femur. Now, using the osteometric board in front of you determine the maximum length of the femur and enter it into the different stature equations in the table.Maximum femur length __________cmStature Formulae for the Femur (Male)Racial Group Equation in cm Stature (in cm)Converted stature (inches)Caucasian 2.32(femur length) + 65.53 ± 3.94= ± ±African 2.10(femur length) + 72.22 ± 3.91= ± ±Asian 2.15(femur length) + 72.57 ± 3.80= ± ±The above equations will give you answers in centimeters. You will need to convert your values into inches (1 cm = 0.3937 in) to complete the final column. The following website will assist you: http://www.sciencemadesimple.net/conversions.htmlNotice how the same length femur results in different statures for different racial groups.STATION 7: PathologyExamining bone pathology (disease) can provide insight into an individual’s life and death. Read the following descriptions of different pathologies and match them with their respective bones.Osteoarthritis – this common form of arthritis causes destruction of the cartilage at a joint and formation of bone spurs and lipping around the edges of the joint. The disease occurs mostly in load-bearing joints especially in the spine, hips and knees. Fracture with Callus – Following a fracture, the bone repair process forms a callus around the fracture sitemade up of new bone cells. If the bone is not set properly the callus can become quite large. This happens because the bone is trying to create a shape that allows function to be maintained. Periodontitis – this arises from a tissue infection which, when untreated, spreads to the surrounding bone. This results in a porous depression in the bone and is characterized by progressive loss of bone and soft tissue that surround and support teeth. Match Bone with DiseaseOsteoarthritis ____ Fracture w/ Callus ____Periodontitis _____STATION 8: Human vs NonhumanThe first step in any skeletal analysis is determining whether a bone is human or nonhuman. a). Of the bones presented, which 2 are human? _________ _________Extra CreditWhich bone do you think belongs to a marine animal? ____________Reading Questions:1.What is a recent argument regarding nonhuman primates and how they learn behaviors?(see Ch. 19)2. How did the researchers determine Lucy's sex and body size from her remains? (see Ch. 1)3. Osteological Diagram: Identify the following bones.ANT 3514 – Introduction to Biological AnthropologyThe Human Osteology HandoutLAB 5, Week of 2/7/05The average adult human skeleton has 206 bones. Fetal and subadult skeletons have more than300 bones, due to the fact that individual bones are in separate parts during growth and development. Over time these parts fuse to become a single bone. Standard anatomical position – refers to the position when an individual stands in a normal upright posture with the palms of the hands facing forward. This ensures that no two bones are crossed including the radius and the ulna.Directional Termsanterior – toward the front (toward the belly in humans)posterior – toward the back (toward the back of the body in