SivapithecusProconsulPurgatoriusSTATION 2: The earliest Primates: Eocene RadiationSTATION 4: Fossil ApesName:ANT 3514 – Intro to Biological AnthropologyLab 4- Primate Evolution and Early HominidsWeek of 5/30/05 OWMStreps Tarsiers NWM colobines cercop gibbons orang African apes Hominids The nodes on a cladogram represent shared derived features that unite a natural group of species to the exclusion of others. We will go over how this cladogram was constructed in lab. 1- postorbital bar, convergent orbits2- partial postorbital closure, loss of tapetum lucidum, development of haplorhine nose3- complete postorbital closure, more complex (elaboration) placenta7- fused wrist bones, genetic/molecular similarities, enlarged ovaries, changes in premaxilla, shortened canines**At home, list one trait for the each following nodes: 4- _________________________________5- _________________________________ 6- _________________________________ 1Name:STATION 1: The earliest Primates? Plesiadapsis & PurgatoriusFossils of the earliest primate-like mammals exist from the Paleocene epoch (58-65 mya). These fossils are found in North America and Europe. There is disagreement over whether or not these are actually early primates. Take some time to look at the drawing of the plesiadapiform skulls, the plesiadapiform tooth cast and the tree shrew skull. Use these items and your book to answer the following questions:What are two primate characteristics these fossils possess? 1.________________________2. ________________________What are two non-primate characteristics? 1.________________________2.________________________STATION 2: The earliest Primates: Eocene RadiationThe start of the Eocene epoch (58 mya) coincides with a period of adaptive radiation for the earliest well-defined primate species (nearly 60 genera, this is four times greater than the amount of prosimian diversity today). Two extinct families: Adapidae and Omomyidae, help to group the earliest primates. The adapids are thought to be ancestral to present day lemurs and lorises, whereas the omomyids are most likely ancestral to tarsiers. Adapids and omomyids were sympatric and found in North America and Europe. Compare the adapid skull, lemur skull and tarsier skulls. Use these skulls and the laminated drawing to answer the following questions: What are two traits the adapid and the lemur share? 1.__________________________2. __________________________Name and describe two differences between the adapid and the tarsier. 1.___________________________2.___________________________2Name:STATION 3: Early AnthropoidsThe Oligocene epoch began 35 mya and marked by a great deal of geologic and climatic change. This time period also represents a major gap in the fossil record. However, the Fayum deposits inWestern Egypt are an exception (additional scattered remains have been found worldwide). One of the earliest known and best described catarrhine monkeys from this time is Aegyptopithecus. Aegyptopithecus belongs to the family Propliopithcidae. Propliopithecids have been found in Africa, Asia and South America. Other anthropoids found at Fayum, but thought to precede the split between platyrrhines and catarrhines are Parapithecus and Apidium. Examine the Aegyptopithecus, Parapithecus, Apidium, capuchin, howler and baboon skulls, along with the laminated picture in order to answer the following questions: Which of the fossils are more like new world monkeys, and why? 1.___________________________________Which is more like an old world monkey and why?1. ___________________________________Name and describe one similarity and one difference between the Aegyptopithecus and the baboon.1._________________________2._________________________**What do these similarities and differences tell you about the place of Aegyptopithecus on a cladogram of extant and extinct primates? STATION 4: Fossil ApesThe beginning of the Miocene epoch (25 mya) marks the appearance of the first apes. At this time, apes shared a great deal of morphological similarities with monkeys. One of the first ape genera includes Proconsul (20-17 mya). Another later genus, Sivapithecus (12-7 mya), is most commonly thought of as the ancestor of orangutans. Examine the Proconsul, Sivapithecus, Gigantopithecus, Oreopithecus, cercopithecine, orangutan and chimpanzee specimens in order to answer the following questions: Name and describe two differences between Proconsul and the cercopithecine. 1.___________________________________2.___________________________________Name and describe two similarities between Sivapithecus and the orangutan1.___________________________________________2.___________________________________________Name and describe two differences between Sivapithecus and the chimpanzee.1.___________________________________________2.___________________________________________3Name:STATION 5 : Kenyanthropus platyops This station focuses on an early hominid species known as Kenyanthropus platyops, in particular the craniodental differences between K. platyops, modern apes, an Australopithecus species and an early Homo species (H. habilis), which will be discussed in more detail inn a later lab. At this station, you will find:- A cranium of Kenyanthropus platyops (KNM-WT40000 the holotype for K. platyops)- A skull of Pan troglodytes- A skull of Homo habilis (OH 24)- A partial cranium of A. africanus (Sts 17)Kenyanthropus platyops is an early hominid species recently discovered in 1999, west of Lake Turkana (Kenya). Fossil material representing K. platyops date to approximately 3.5-3.0 MYA. The holotype for K. platyops presents a unique combination of derived facial and primitive neurocranial features. Theses findings may indicate an early diest-driven adaptive radiation of early hominids.Describe the following cranial features of K. platyops relative to the chimpanzee and early Homo: Chimp K. platyops Early HomoPostorbital constrictionDegree of prognathismDental FeaturesSTATION 6: Australopithecus afarensis (cranium) (pgs. 272-277 in your textbook) This station focuses on craniodental features of A. afarensis as compared to modern apes and humans. At this station you will find:- A chimpanzee cranium and mandible- A modern human mandible and cranium- A composite cast of A. afarensis- 3 partial jaws of A. afarensiso LH4 (an adult mandible – the holotype for A.