•What is the major functional difference of Theta vs. Rolling-Circle replication,specifically in regards to the tandem linear repeats found in the R-C replication. Youwon’t be responsible for this. Rolling-circle replication may not stop after making onecomplete genome. This happens in some bacteriophage, in making extrachromosomalcopies of the nuclear rRNA genes in some eukaryotes, and possibly in somechloroplasts and mitochondria. It can be used to amplify a genome for variouspurposes. It has some interesting genetic consequences.•Do we need to know all of the information about the lac operon (i.e. lac Y does ...) andthe lac operon mutants?Yes. You need to understand the function of lacI, P, O, Z, and Y well enough to inferthe phenotype of a haploid or diploid cells from their genotypes with respect to thevarious lac mutants described in the text.DCBACBADABCDABCDABCCBADABC•Do we need to know the information about the scientists/researchers and whofound what?Not for this exam. However in the next set of lectures I will make a timeline ofmajor discoveries and add names and dates to it as we proceed. You will need toknow those. Of the names we have encountered thus far, Mendel and Watson &Crick will be on it.•Can you explain conserved regions again.A conserved sequence or region is one that varies only a little between species, andeven less within species. They are usually functionally important sequences. Wewill discuss this in detail, and explain why, in the section on population andevolutionary genetics.•What would you like us to know about the Wobble mechanism?Only that some bases in the anticodon of tRNAs can form H-bonds with more thanone base in the third codon position of mRNA, and this is one of the reasons whythe code is degenerate.• Do we need to know what happens during meiosis in an animal? Like thatspermatagonia change into something else?Yes, you need to know the names of the cells at each stage of meiosis in both male andfemale animals.On the sample exam, question 6 states the Methionine is the N-terminal amino acid inβ-globin. My question: is Methionine the N-terminal amino acid in everything or justβ-globin?Yes, although in some cases a protein may undergo processing that removes some ofthe N-terminal amino acids. The N-terminal Met might be modified in some plants soit becomes one of the odd amino acids other than the 20n in the code; I’m not sure.Remember that ATG (AUG) is always the start codon.Also in the notes you stated that: Polypeptide is made N-terminal to C-terminal...but Icant see that very clear on the diagram....can you go over it a little to make sure Ihave it right? See text p. 400-401. R1 is CH2-CH2-S-CH3How do I know this?Simple Model of lac SystemlacI P O Z Y ARepressorproteinInducerRNA polymeraseRepressor can’tbind inducer;super-repressorlacI sPromoter can’tbind RNApolymerase;operon nottranscribedlacP -lacO can’t bindrepressor;constitutive(always on)lacO cNull mutationin lacYlacY -Null mutationin lacZlacZ -NatureGenotypePhenotypes of lac Operon Mutants in DiploidsJacob, Monod, and collaborators deduced how the lac operon is controlled from these dataand from the map position of the mutants. Note lacO and lacP mutants only affect expressionof lac genes on the same chromosome, while lacI mutants can operate at a distance, fromanother chromosome.Tryptophan AuxotrophsChorismic acidAnthranilic acidPRACDRPInGPIndoleL-TryptophanASase trpEPRTase trpDInGPSase trpCTSaseB trpBTSaseA trpAGrows OnCM MM MM+Trp MM+indole MM+InGP MM+CDRPtrp++ + + + + +trpA + - + - - -trpB + - + - - -trpC + - + + + -trpD + - + + + +trpE + - + + + +1. (2) Below is a eukaryotic DNA molecule caught in the act of replicating. Note thatthere are discontinuous and continuous strands. Letters a-d refer to ends of the molecule.State whether each of the following is a 5’ or a 3’ end:a 3’ c 5’ b 5’ d 3’ For some reason, question 1 of quiz 2 is confusing me.Question 1.25 from text: A synthetic RNA molecule has the sequence5’ CGUUACCACAUGUCGCGAACUCGHow many reading frames are possible if this molecule is translated in vitro? In vivo?The in vitro system does not require an AUG start, so it can start anywhere. Thus there arethree possible reading frames.In vivo translation requires an AUG start so it starts with the first AUG which uniquelydetermines the reading