Correlational ResearchSlide 2Slide 3The Squared CorrelationCorrelation and Cause and EffectSurvey MethodsLikert-type ItemReversed Likert-type ItemTypes of items to avoidSampling TechniquesSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Correlational Research•Goal: Describe the relationship between two variables in terms of:–Direction–Strength•Pearson Correlation Coefficient– -1 0 +1Testing the significance of a correlation–Is the correlation significantly different from zero?•Null hypothesis: The correlation between Social Support and Life Satisfaction is not significantly different from zero.•Alternative hypothesis: The correlation between Social Support and Life Satisfaction is significantly different from zero•Conclusion: A significant correlation between Social Support and Life Satisfaction was observed, r (3) = .884, p < .05.The Squared Correlation r r2• 0 0•.1 .01•.2 .04•.3 .09•.4 .16•.5 .25•.6 .36•.7 .49•.8 .64•.9 .81•1.0 1.0The squared correlation provides the proportion of overlap between the two variables.Correlation and Cause and Effect•Requirements for a conclusion regarding cause and effect:–Time-Order relationship• Cause Effect•Can’t know which variable occurred first.–No other variable is responsible for the relationship.•The Third Variable ProblemSurvey MethodsTypes of questions1.Open-ended2.Close-ended3.Partially open-ended (“Other” is added as an alternative response)4.Rating Scale–Likert rating scale. To what degree does the respondent agree with a statement.Likert-type Item•“How much do you agree with the following statement?”•“I plan to dedicate the rest of my life to learning more about statistics.” 1-------------2------------3------------4------------5 Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree AgreeReversed Likert-type Item•“How much do you agree with the following statement?”•“My hatred for statistics extends to the very core of my being.” 1-------------2------------3------------4------------5 Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree AgreeTypes of items to avoid•Loaded question–Includes non-neutral or emotionally laden terms–Ex. What is your opinion of the hideous new statue?•Leading question–Attempts to influence the response –Example. Shouldn’t first-year students be allowed to bring a car to campus?•Double barreled question–Asks for more than one piece of information in a single item.Sampling Techniques•Probability Sampling–Random selection–Stratified random sample–Cluster sampling•Non-Probability sampling–Convenience sampling–Quota
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