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Radford PSYC 201 - Lecture Notes

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SPSS GUIDE 1Psych. Research 1 Guide to SPSS 11.0I. What is SPSS: SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a data management and analysisprogram. It allows us to store and analyze very large amounts of research data. The statistics thatSPSS is capable of are far more complex that the stats that we can do in excel which makes it moredesirable as an analysis tool. Also, spss allows us to store our data, protocols (syntax), and results(output) in separate files, which makes analysis of large amounts of data much less cumbersomethan excel. II. Goals:Our goals for this unit include the following aspects:1. Learn to set up data files and enter/import data (III)2. Learn to create syntax files (VI)3. Learn to generate descriptive statistics (V)4. Learn to generate Frequency statistics (VI)5. Learn to compute new variables from existing variables (VII)6. Learn to transform/”normalize” variables (VIII)7. Learn to use filters (selecting cases) (IX)7. Learn to compute chi square (single variable, multivariate) (X)8. Learn to compute correlation coefficients (XI)9. Learn to compute t-tests : independent sample, repeated measure. (XII) III. Data Files: Set up, Entering Data, & Importing Data--For the most part SPSS can be split up into 3 major parts: The Data Editor (where we enter data,name variables, compute new variables, and select cases), The Syntax Editor (where we store &create syntax for our analyses and procedures), and The Output Navigator (where we view theresults our statistical tests have generated). -- The first step in this process is to set up the data file in the Data Editor (note: we can createvariables and enter data in the syntax editor, but it is beyond the scope of this course). -if we have already created a data file in another program we can import it by selecting“open” on the “File” pull-down menua. An “open file” box will appear. If the desired file isnot an spss file (*.sav), scroll through the “file type” options and choose the appropriateformat (e.g. excel (*.xls)). Then open the desired file. (Note: if desired file is not created inspss a second box will appear. If you have variables named in this file then check the “readvariable names” box, other wise leave blank. Also, you can designate portions of files toopen using the “range” option, see help for details).Defining Variables - If you are creating a new data file, editing an existing data file or haveimported a data file where the variables have not yet been named and/or have not had valuelabels associated with the variables then you will need to begin here. -there are 2 parts (or views) to the Data Editor:1. The Data View: This view allows you to view and input data values. Thecolumns represent Variables and the rows represent participants/subjects(often referred to as cases).2. The Variable View: This view allow you to edit variables and add newvariables to the data stet. Note that the rows represent each variable andcorresponds to the columns in the data view. Also, the columns in this viewrepresent different aspects of each variable.3. To toggle back and forth between the “Data View” and the “VariableView” Click on the small, labeled file tabs located at the bottom left handSPSS GUIDE 2corner of the data editor spread sheet4. To create variables on a blank data file, select the variable view. Note thatno variables are listed. a. Give the variable a “Variable Name”. Variable Names are limitedto 8 characters (a throw back from the old Unix days). The Name cannot start with a number (though it can have numbers in it). Nor can ithave any spaces or symbols (i.e., !@#$%^&*+~ ( ) { }[ ] ?/><.) in itexcept (- and _ ).b. Give the variable a “Variable Label”, by clicking the appropriatecell in the “Label” column. Variable Labels are are more flexible thanVariable names. You can have more than 200 characters and you canuse spaces and symbols. The variable label allows you to give a moredescriptive name to the variable, that will make sense to you when youcome back and look at your data after a long period of time haselapsed. Be as precise as possible. Also, when you give a variable a“Variable Label” the variable label will appear on the output of youranalyses (see below). However, notice that labels more than 40 or socharacters will not be truncated on the output (it will only present the1st 40 characters, so put the most unique and descriptive informationfirst. Otherwise your outputs may become vary confusing.c. If the variable is a categorical variable (e.g. gender, class rank,ethnicity, group membership) then you will need to define the Valuelabels. You do not need to do this if your data is ratio, interval, orordinal data (like 1-7 numerical rating scales). By adding Value Labelsyou will not have to try to remember what the numbers stand for (e.g.,1 = male, 2 = female). Also, the Value Label will be printed on theoutput. c1. To define Value Labels, click on the appropriate cell of the“Values” column. A dialogue box labeled “Value Labels willappear.c2. In the “value” field first type the lowest value (e.g. 0 or 1),then in the “value label” field type the name of the category(e.g. female), and finally click the “add” button.c3. next in the “value” field type the next highest value (e.g. 1or 2), then in the “value label” field type the name for thatcategory (e.g. male), and finally click the “add” button.c4. continue this process until all the values for all thecategories have been named. When this is complete left-click“OK”. -It is always a good idea to make your first variable subject number (subnum) so that ifcertain subjects have to be excluded from later analyses (e.g. because of missing data orsome other criterion) they can be easily sorted out based on subject number.Entering Data-Once the variables are named and the values labeled you can begin data entry. In theData View, simply select the cell you want to begin with, type the appropriate value into that cell,and then either press “enter” or one of the direction arrow keys. If entering data on the right-handnumeric-key-pad be sure that the number lock has been turned on and be careful not to turn it offwhen reaching for the 7 key. Data can be corrected by selecting the desired cell and typing in thenew value and pressing either enter or a directional arrow key.SPSS GUIDE 3Saving Files–Once you have your variables defined and perhaps


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