1Ethics In Psychological ResearchBackground Information• Nazi Medical War Crimes– Nuremberg Code• Participation must be voluntary with informed consent• Risk should be proportional to benefits• Freedom to withdraw• Protect participants from harmBackground Information• Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)– National Research Act of 1974• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research– Belmont Report• Respect for Persons• Beneficence•Justice– The Common Rule (1981)• Legal guidelines for federally funded research2Background Information• Human Radiation Experiments (1944-1974)• Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study (1963)• Willowbrook Study (1963-1966)APA Guidelines1. Ethical acceptability must be considered2. Primary concern should be minimal risk3. All involved must follow ethical guidelines4. Full disclosure of greater than minimal risk 5. Minimal concealment or deception with sufficient explanation ASAPAPA Guidelines6. Subject can withdraw at any time7. Protect from physical and mental discomfort and harm8. Provide participant with true nature of study9. Remove adverse consequences and long-term effects10.Keep participant confidentiality3DHHS Guidelines• Apply to all research involving human subjects with exception of research involving:– Standard educational tests– Anonymous surveys– Observation of public behavior– Collection of study of pre-existing data• Institutional Review Board (IRB)Institutional Review Board• Review scientific research involving humans in order to protect the rights of the participants• Ensures subjects have sufficient information to provide informed consent• IRB must have:– A scientist, nonscientist, and someone not affiliated with the institution– Both men and womenWhat is “At Risk?”• Risk-benefit ratio– Whether the benefits outweigh the risks to participants• “No Risk” does not exist– Is risk beyond what would be experienced in normal daily activities4Types of Risk• Physical• Psychological• Social harm• Economic• LegalEvaluation of Risk• Evaluate risk in terms of:– Likelihood of occurrence– Severity– Duration after the research– Reversibility– Early detectionInformed Consent• DHHS guidelines require:1. Statement that study involves research including a description of duration and procedures 2. Statement of reasonable risks or discomforts3. Alternative procedures or treatments4. Benefits of research5. Statement of confidentiality6. Statement of compensation or medical treatments should any injury occur7. Who to contact about participants rights8. Statement that research is voluntary and you can withdraw at any time5Deception• Can only be used when– benefits outweigh risk of deception– Alternatives are not feasible• Types of deception– Active– PassiveActive Deception• Misrepresenting purposes of research• False statements of identity of researcher• False promises made• Violating promise to maintain anonymity• Using confederates• Using placebos• Misleading settings for investigationsPassive Deception• Unrecognized conditioning• Concealed observation• Unrecognized participant observation• Projective techniques or personality measures6Debriefing• Debriefing is required when informed consent is not used or if participants are deceived. • Must Include:1. Description of research and methods2. Opportunity for questions3. Explanation of deceptions and justification4. Removal of adverse effects5. Offer to remove data to deceived
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