Gene Expression:Immature eggs within; endocrine disturbers – interrupts the normal way, insects in fish, same glands as humansPhospholipids- supports the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, uses membranes, one fatty-acid chain(2) and phosphate group(charged compounds, hydrophilic), component of lipid bilayer. Polar heads likes water while the tails don’t. Water is polar, orienting themselves in a line. (MEMBRANE COMPOSITION)-better to hate water-barrier, cholesterol next to fatty acid b/c it’s not charged. Protein passes through contains amino acids and more fat-loving- Peripheral membrane protein and integral.What type can pass? Molecules attracted to polar heads( love the water- can leave the charge), isn’t charged??( straight through the phospholipids- hydrophobic)Salt can dissolve in water but can’t go through membranes, anything charged can’t go through the membraneSignaling Cell: where is estrogen made? Estrogens are a group of chemically similar steroid hormones. Inhumans and other vertebrates, estrogens are made primarily in the female ovaries and in small amounts in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexesTarget Cell: what cells respond to estrogen? Eukaryotic cells How does that signal move between these cells and then how does it move into cells? When an estrogen move between the cells, they produce effects by docking with the receptors on the cell’s membrane. This cause the estrogen to start relay in the cytoplasm thus rejiggering nitric oxide, flood the cell with calcium, or initiate hormone release. If estrogen move into the cells then they reunite with a receptor then move to the nucleus. After they bind to DNA sites which activates protein-producing genes.Describe the mechanism where by estrogen affect the cells that it binds? (In other words, how does it make cells grow or change.)Estrogen targets genes control cell growth, speeds it up. Development of breast and uterine tissuesEstrogen mimic-detrimental effects, causes mutations- cells divide too fast-cause cancer; gonads can needs adequate amount of estrogen, high causes cell division also breast cell proliferation Transcription What cells react to estrogen: only acts if they have the receptors diffusion Cells have the same DNA but which part of the genes we use for transcription 9/11/13Turn protein of by shutting down the transcription of the rna. Regulator region is the enhancer. Rna polymerase activated when binded the promoter or the enhancer region- work to initate transcriptionRepressor- inhibits the activation of form binding to dnaDetermines the actual rate of dna transcription9/13/13Dna mutation: heredity, radiation or chemicals, errors during dna replicationRadiation prevents actively bindingChemotherapy drugs: Tamoxifen-induces a different shape in the estrogen receptors to make it no longerbind to the coactivators- preventing estrogen to have a normal effect in cells.is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, interferes estrogens ability to bind with the receptor. This could be used after they find a tumor such as breast cancerProblem with serms- not all cells have estrogen receptors, binds to different protein activators depending on the cell.Bone and uterus cells have receptors that bind to different receptors, shape is different , tamoxifin has more cell growth 9/18/13Messenger rna produces not genes How many of the genes are made into the productDifferent cell types have same genomic dna and different rna’sGene microarrays are tiny chips with spots. Each spot contains unique single-stranded dna sequence form various genes of interestTake a cells to make floursecent dna – into messenger rna-Myocyte-rna-fluorescent-dna microarray, glowsMolecular diagnostics for