Unit 5 - NutritionKey Concepts:• Identify foods that are rich sources of the 4 main classes of organic macromolecules as well as vitamins and minerals• Identify differences between “good” and “bad” fat• Calculate caloric contributions by carbohydrates, proteins and lipids from the nutritional information on a food label• Explain how bad health choices can lead to problems like obesity, factors that influence obesity and ways to treat obesity• Explain the role of body mass index (BMI) as a measure of health status of an individual• Explain the role of oxygen in cellular respiration• Understand implications of a block in the energy conversion machinery of the cell4/11 - ObesityClass Notes:■ Mouth = >500■ Digestive Tract = >1000● Functional contributions of gut microbiota: ○ Break down complex carbohydrates○ Synthesize vitamins○ Regulator of drug bioavailability○ 55-18.5-24.9 = normal-25-29.9 = overweight-30 and above = obese○ Measures of body fat: BMI, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, BOD PODS, DEXA scans, calipers, BIA, blood levels of lipids.○ Problems associated with obesity: hypertension, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, depression○ Treatment of obesity: weight loss pills, surgery (gastric banding, gastric bypass), weight loss programs.Types of Carbohydrates○ Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose○ Disaccharide: lactose, sucrose, maltose○ Polysaccharide: glycogen, starch, cellulose○ Organic Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids 1-organic molecules must contain carbon● Amino acids: ■ Some like water, some don’t. ■ Our bodies produce some, but won’t produce others. ■ Building blocks of proteins.■ Come in different shapes and sizes○ Fatty Acids:■ Building blocks for fats.■ Saturated: have no double bonds in its chain. Solid at roomtemperature.■ Unsaturated: have one or more double bonds in its chain. Liquid at room temperature, because the bends in the chain prevent them from being closely packed together. ■ Triglyceride: the fatty acid chain may be saturated or unsaturated. (Main storage = form of lipid).○ Carbohydrates attached to proteins on the cell surface connect two cells through the extracellular matrix.○ Proteins form channels for the passage of molecules, signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. ○ Phospholipids: reside in the membrane and serve as a barrier to external environment.○ Cholesterol makes the cell membrane fluid and flexible. ○ Nutrition Facts Label: ■ Select foods low in sodium; ■ A food is low in fat if the calories from fat multiplied by 3 are less than the calories per serving; (fat calories should not make up more than a third of total calories)■ Look for high fiber; ■ A food high in protein has 7 grams or more per serving; ■ Consume less than 300mg of cholesterol per day. Reading Notes:5.6 - The Chemical Building Blocks of Life■ There are 4 major classes of molecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids■ Organic molecules are biomolecules that include at least 1 carbon-hydrogen bond. Ex: Sugars and amino acids 2■ Macromolecules- larger assemblies of atoms created by small organic molecules linked up Ex: starch and proteins■ Monomers - small repeating units of macromolecule■ Polymers - what macromolecules are called when contain monomers(A polymer may be a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers)■ Functional group - clusters of covalently bonded atoms thathave the same distinctive chemical properties no matter what molecule they are in5.7 - Carbohydrates■ Carbohydrates are sugars and their polymers● In a carbohydrate, for each Carbon, there are 2 Hydrogen and one oxygen■ Monosaccharides - simplest sugar molecules. Often referred to by the # of carbons (between 3 and 7).● Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6)■ Disaccharide - two covalently joined monosaccharides. ● Ex: table sugar, sucrose■ Polysaccharide - large polymers built by many linked monosaccharide. Ex: cellulose5.8 - Proteins■ Major functions of protein: storage, structure (bone, cartilage, hair), transport (hemoglobin), catalysts (enzymes)■ Built from amino acids ■ Polypeptide- linear chains of amino acids covalently linked● their sequence of amino acids = primary structure; how it folds = secondary structure; last fold = tertiary structure■ Denaturation - destruction of a protein’s 3-D structure5.9 - Lipids■ Lipids- hydrophobic molecules made by living cells● most from fatty acids■ Fatty acid in which all the Carbon atoms in the hydrogen chain are linked by single covalent bonds are saturated 3fatty acids : typically solids because can pack tightly together● if there are any double bonds, it is an unsaturated fatty acid : typically liquids at room temperature■ Animals store surplus energy as triglycerides = 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol■ Phospholipids help make up cell (plasma) membrane● A phospholipid is a molecule of 2 fatty acids joined toa glycerol with a phosphate group (very polar)27.1 - Nutrients that Animals Need■ All animals need 3 main categories of large organic molecules from food: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins■ Dietary fiber - indigestible plant polysaccharides that slow down the speed at which carbs are digested■ Absorbed monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids enter bloodstream and go into cells; become building blocks for carbs, lipids, and proteins■ Monosaccharides, fatty acids, and monoglycerides also release energy when broken down through glycolysis or cellular respiration■ 8 amino acids must come from food = essential amino acids■ Vitamins - small organic nutrients needed by our bodies in tiny amounts● Have multiple functions: assist enzymes, delivery, signaling, antioxidants● 2 classes: water-soluble and fat-soluble■ Minerals - inorganic chemicals that have critical biological functions4/18 - DigestionClass Notes:○ Digestion: Mouth → the saliva/teeth break it down → esophagus → stomach, where chemicals help break it down → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus → toilet 4○ Only certain simple sugars can pass from the outside of the plasma membrane to the inside. ○ A few di- and tripeptides can cross plasma membranes.○ Triglycerides (fats) are the main form in which energy is stored inthe animal body. Triglycerides are