Article I. COMM 1010Review for Exam #1Article I. COMM 1010Chapter 1: Communication in the 21 st Century 1. Communication Age=Is an age in which communication, technology, and media converge and deeply permeate daily life.2. Convergence=Refers to the ways in which the many forms of technologically mediated and face-to-face communication overlap and intersect our daily lives.- Main Effect: A massive increase in the number and types of opportunities to connect with others.3. Digital Natives vs. Digital Immigrants:- Digital Natives=People for who, digital technologies such as computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and video games already existed when they were born.- Digital Immigrants=Refer to people who have adopted and learned digital technologies later in life. They’ve seen firsthand how communication technologies have become more prevalent in everyday life.4. Communication Defined=The collaborative process of using messages to create and participate in social reality. 5. Communication Metaphors/Models (Transmission; Interaction; Transaction; Social Construction):- Transmission=One message sent from a sender to a receiver- Interaction=Coined by William Schram (1954), adds two components to the transmission model: feedback AND field of experience- Transaction= “Beyond relaying messages back and forth” (pg. 15). We both act as a “sender” and “receiver”. Participants are impacted by “content” and “relationship”- Social Construction= “Stresses that communication shapes and creates the larger social realities in which we operate” (pg. 40). Participants work together and co-create meaning. Messages are interpreted differently. 6. Communication Competence=Refers to the ability to communicate in a personallyeffective yet socially appropriate way. Requires using messages to accomplish one’s own goals and meeting the needs and expectations of others.7. Connecting & Engaging:- Connecting=Refers to the power of communication to link and relate us to people, groups, communities, social institutions, and cultures.- Engaging=Refers to the act of sharing in the activities of the group. Engaging is participating. 8. Communication Activism=Is direct energetic action in support of needed social change for individuals, groups, organization, and communities. Communication in Action (CIA)- Chapter 1: Advocacy in Everyday Life9. Public Advocacy=How we communicate with others about social issues with the goal of improving our world.10. Reflexivity=A way to help us better understand how we participate in social systems that may help or harm ourselves or others. About critically evaluating ourown actions to be able to understand why we act, how our actions may beperceived by others, and who is impacted by our actions both positively and negatively.11. Critical literacy, dialogue, speaking up, alliance building- Critical Literacy=Form of information literacy that moves beyond the surface of the material provided to understand the motives and ideologies of the authors of a given text. Ability to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively from a variety of sources.- Dialogue=To engage in dialogue means listening to the other person as someone with something important to say and, to the best of our ability, encountering her or him with humility and generosity. Activism VS Slacktivism- Speaking up=Means of survival in which one must stand up and face the danger of speaking up and for justice for all-silent or defiant, one is alwaysin the face of inequality. - Alliance Building=Relationships formed on the behalf of mutual interests and are essential if advocacy is to move beyond the sole purview of the practitioner and effectively engage publics external to an organization. Power in number.CIA- Chapter 2: Rhetorical Foundations12. Rhetoric & Ancient Greece:- Rhetoric=The art of persuasion. All things are rhetoric and persuasive even when unintended (Ex: Clothing choices, opinions shared).- Ancient Greece: Birthplace of rhetoric- “Polis”13. Rhetoric as “public, persuasive, and contextual”:- Public Rhetoric= Concerned with communicative acts preformed in front of an entire community.- Persuasive-Dealt with arguments and debate- Contextual- Made use of cultural topes and narratives Modern Tropes- “Bless your heart” or “As proud Americans…”14. Plato, Sophists, Aristotle:- Plato= Though that Sophist persuasion was based on illusion and not reality, thus it was deceptive and immoral. Argued that persuasion was valuable only when it appealed to objective truth, not human emotion or beliefs.- Sophists= Taught citizens how to defend themselves and persuade an audience, Didn’t matter what was actually the truth-They wanted to get paid.- Aristotle=Rhetoric was argument, not merely emotion. Polis ought to be governed by the deliberation of many. Consider ethos (trustworthy), pathos (emotion), and logos (logic)Chapter 2: Perception, Self, & Communication15. Perception defined=The process of being aware of and understanding the world.16. Elements of Perception (Selection, Organization, Interpretation, Memory):- Selection=We “tune in” to some messages, but ignore the rest. Perception begins with selecting which messages and stimuli to concentrate on and respond to. Selective attention, selective exposure (and theory), selective perception, selective memory- Organization=After we select which stimuli we are going to pay attention to, we organize this information in a way that makes sense.  Schemas=are mental structures developed from past experiences that help us respond to some stimuli in the future.- Interpretation=Refers to giving meaning to information - Memory=What information we retain from our interactions. Memories aredynamic and constantly evolving, creative, and social.17. Schemas (Prototype, stereotypes, interpersonal constructs, scripts)- Prototype=Is an image of the best example of a particular category. Example: We have prototypical images of a mother, a police officer, and a boyfriend)- Stereotype=A generalization made to an entire group of people or situations on the basis of the observed traits of one or a few members of the group May also be positive, not always negative connotations- Interpersonal Constructs=Bipolar dimensions of judgment used to size up people or social situations.  Set of opposing terms such as “outgoing vs shy” or “friendly vs hostile”- Scripts=Organized sequences of action that define a