COMM 1010 Notes Part OneCommunication: the collaborative process of using messages to create and participate (pg. 7COMM 1010 Notes Part OneCommunication: the collaborative process of using messages to create and participate (pg. 7Communication Metaphors:- Transmission- One message sent from a sender to a receiver- Interaction- Coined by William Schram (1954), adds two components to the transmission model: feedback AND field of experience- Transaction- “Beyond relaying messages back and forth” (pg. 15). We both act as a “sender” and “receiver”. Participants are impacted by “content” and “relationship”- Social Construction- “Stresses that communication shapes and creates the larger social realities in which we operate” (pg. 40). Participants work together and co-create meaning. Messages are interpreted differently. Historical Foundations of Communication:- Rhetoric-The art of persuasiono All things are rhetoric and persuasive even when unintended (ex:clothing, opinions).o Both clarifies and obscures reality - Ancient Greece- Birthplace of rhetoric- “Polis”- Public Rhetoric- Concerned with communicative acts preformed in front of an entire communityo Persuasive-Dealt with arguments and debateo Contextual- Made use of cultural topes and narratives Modern Tropes- “Bless your heart” or “As proud Americans…”- The Sophists- Taught citizens how to defend themselves and persuade an audienceo Wanted to get paid-Didn’t matter what was actually the truth- Plato VS Sophistso Plato thought the Sophist persuasion was based on illusion and not reality, thus it was deceptive and immoralWhat Is the Self?- Each of us has a Self-Concept or general perception of who we are- Possible Selves- Versions of what we might become- Self-Concept has 2 main parts…o Self-Image- The person’s mental picture of himself/herself.o Self Esteem- An individual’s assessment of his/her own self. Based off what others perceive you as.- Symbolic Interactionism-Communication is the primary means by which you internalize and use social values to guide how we see ourselves. How we see others and how we interact. o “We treat others as a mirror that reflects our own image back to us”.o Our value of things is based on comparisons.Verbal VS Nonverbal Communication:- Verbal:o Represents via symbols, efficiency, clarity, content level of meaning, more intentional.o Texting/Messaging on social media is considered Verbal due to use of symbols.- Nonverbal: o Represents via likeness, warmth/coldness, authenticity, relationship level of meaning, less intentional.o The way a speaker presents themselves (ex: distant, uninterested, engaged).- Words as Symbols:o Kenneth Burke said that we are “symbols using animals”.- Symbols are…o Arbitrary-Means they don’t matter until we give them meaning. 2o Abstract-An inherent meaning of anything. Not sure what anything means, but as symbols gain meaning it becomes known.o Intentional- We “intentionally” call a desk a desk so that other people know what we are talking about. We intentionally create meaning to symbols for easier interaction.o Uniquely Humano Culturally Bound- Different cultures have different meanings for symbols. Thus, have different importance to different cultures. (Ex: U.S.=thumbs up is good… Africa=thumbs up is bad).o Contextually Bound- Can have different meanings/connotations. - Codes of Nonverbal Communication o Vocalics (voice) – “I never said HEE cheated on the test.” Emphasizing specific words for effect.o Kinesics (movement)o Proxemics (space) – Invading people’s personal space for more intense effect.o Environment- General code of conduct agreed upon. Must adapt to environment. For example, giving a speech in class vs speakingat a funeral.o Expressionso Eye Behavior o Haptics (touch)o Physical Appearance- Designing Messages-Message Design Logics (O’Keefe, 1991)o Expressive MDL-Communication is “a process in which persons express what they think or feel so others will know what they think or feel”. Honesty and openness.o Conventional MDL- Communication is “a game to be played cooperatively according to socially conventional rules and procedures”. Privileges, goals, and strategies rather than directness. More persuasion.o Rhetorical MDL- Communication involves “the creation and negation of social selves and situations”. The ultimate goal is 3harmony and consensus. Works outside the social norms. Seeks to change norms for the better.- Audience Analysiso Situation- The speaking situation is concerned with size, environment, and occasion.o Demographics- Age, gender, cultural background.o The Audience’s Attitudes and Beliefs What ideologies and beliefs inform your audience? Ex: Speaking about Donald Trump at a republican convention vs at a democratic conventionPlagiarism: - Plagiarismo Blatant Plagiarism-Submitting someone else’s paper, copy and pastefrom internet, submitting published or unpublished articles, using direct quotations without citing the author.o Bad Paraphrasing- Often unintentional, failure to effectively summarize someone else’s work in your own words.o Self-Plagiarism- Resubmitting work from another class or school andreusing direct quotations from a previous paper.Public Speaking:- Two main goals when constructing a speecho Narrative Coherence-the story makes sense and is organized effectively o Narrative Fidelity-the story matches our own lived experiences - Organizational Patterso Chronological-The order of the steps is important (ex: baking recipe)o Topical-Subject matter is most important (ex: movie review or summary)o Spatial- Location and direction are most important (ex: relying onestablished knowledge (landmarks) for directions)o Cause-and-effect- The results or effects are most important (ex: persuasive)4o Problem-Solve-Solution- Organized in order to solve a dilemma, convincing an audience that your solution is the best, explain a problem, explore the causes, and offer a solution. Usually best for persuasive speecheso Monroe’s Motivated Sequence-1. Attention (Connect with audience)2. Need (Describe the problem and need for change)3. Satisfaction (Present a solution)4. Visualization (What does the result look like?)5. Action (Request immediate action)- Brainstormingo Attention Getter- think about ethos, pathos, logos. Connecting through credibility, authority, and reliability or by emotion, imaginations and sympathy, or by logic, reason, and