FROM DNA TO PROTEIN: HOW CELLS READ THE GENOMEFrom DNA to RNAFrom RNA to ProteinRNA and the Origins of LifeHow We Know: Cracking the Genetic CodeCHAPTER 7FROM DNA TO PROTEIN: HOW CELLS READ THEGENOME 2009 Garland Science PublishingFrom DNA to RNA7-1 RNA in cells differs from DNA in that ___________________.(a) it contains the base uracil, which pairs with cytosine(b) it is single-stranded and cannot form base pairs(c) it is single-stranded and can fold up into a variety of structures(d) the sugar ribose contains fewer oxygen atoms than does deoxyribose7-2 Transcription is similar to DNA replication in that ___________________.(a) an RNA transcript is synthesized discontinuously and the pieces are then joined together(b) it uses the same enzyme as that used to synthesize RNA primers during DNA replication(c) the newly synthesized RNA remains paired to the template DNA(d) nucleotide polymerization occurs only in the 5′-to-3′ direction7-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phraseselected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; use each word or phrase only once.For a cell’s genetic material to be used, the information is first copied from the DNA into the nucleotide sequence of RNA in a process called __________________. Various kinds of RNA are produced, each with different functions. __________________ molecules code for proteins, __________________ molecules act as adaptors for protein synthesis, __________________ molecules are integral components of the ribosome, and __________________ molecules are important in the splicing of RNA transcripts.incorporation rRNA transmembranemRNA snRNA tRNApRNA transcription proteinstranslation7-4 Match the following structures with their names.Figure Q7-47-5 Which of the following statements is false?(a) A new RNA molecule can begin to be synthesized from a gene before the previous RNA molecule’s synthesis is completed.(b) If two genes are to be expressed in a cell, these two genes can be transcribed with different efficiencies.(c) RNA polymerase is responsible for both unwinding the DNA helix and catalyzing the formation of the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.(d) Unlike DNA, RNA uses a uracil base and a deoxyribose sugar.7-6 Which one of the following is the main reason that a typical eucaryotic gene is able to respond to a far greater variety of regulatory signals than a typical procaryotic gene or operon?(a) Eucaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase.(b) Eucaryotic RNA polymerases require general transcription factors.(c) The transcription of a eucaryotic gene can be influenced by proteins that bind far from the promoter.(d) Procaryotic genes are packaged into nucleosomes.7-7 Match the following types of RNA with the main polymerase that transcribes them.7-8 List three ways in which the process of eucaryotic transcription differs from the process of bacterial transcription.7-9 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phraseselected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.In eucaryotic cells, general transcription factors are required for theactivity of all promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The assembly of the general transcription factors begins with the binding of the factor __________________ to DNA, causing a marked local distortion in the DNA. This factor binds at the DNA sequence called the __________________ box, which is typically located 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. Once RNA polymerase II has been brought to the promoter DNA, it must be released to begin making transcripts. This release process is facilitated by the addition of phosphate groups to the tailof RNA polymerase by the factor __________________. It must be remembered that the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase are not sufficient to initiate transcription in the cell andare affected by proteins bound thousands of nucleotides away fromthe promoter. Proteins that link the distantly bound transcription regulators to RNA polymerase and the general transcription factorsinclude the large complex of proteins called the__________________. The packing of DNA into chromatin also affects transcriptional initiation, and histone __________________ is an enzyme that can render the DNA less accessible to the general transcription factors.activator lac TFIIACAP ligase TFIIDdeacetylase mediator TFIIHenhancer TATA7-10 You have a piece of DNA that includes the following sequence:5′-ATAGGCATTCGATCCGGATAGCAT-3′3′-TATCCGTAAGCTAGGCCTATCGTA-5′Which of the following RNA molecules could be transcribed from this piece of DNA?(a) 5′-UAUCCGUAAGCUAGGCCUAUGCUA-3′(b) 5′-AUAGGCAUUCGAUCCGGAUAGCAU-3′(c) 5′-UACGAUAGGCCUAGCUUACGGAUA-3′(d) none of the above7-11 You have a segment of DNA that contains the following sequence:5′-GGACTAGACAATAGGGACCTAGAGATTCCGAAA-3′3′-CCTGATCTGTTATCCCTGGATCTCTAAGGCTTT-5′If you know that the RNA transcribed from this segment contains the following sequence:5′-GGACUAGACAAUAGGGACCUAGAGAUUCCGAAA–3′Which of the following choices best describes how transcription occurs?(a) The top strand is the template strand; RNA polymerase moves along this strand from 5′ to 3′.(b) The top strand is the template strand; RNA polymerase moves along this strand from 3′ to 5′.(c) The bottom strand is the template strand; RNA polymerase moves along this strand from 5′ to 3′.(d) The bottom strand is the template strand; RNA polymerase moves along this strand from 3′ to 5′.7-12 Which of the following molecules of RNA would you predict to be the most likelyto fold into a specific structure as a result of intramolecular base pairing?(a) 5′-CCCUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUAGGG-3′(b) 5′-UGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUG-3′(c) 5′-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-3′(d) 5′-GGAAAAGGAGAUGGGCAAGGGGAAAAGGAGAUGGGCAAGG-3′7-13 Imagine that an RNA polymerase is transcribing a segment of DNA that contains the following sequence:5′-AGTCTAGGCACTGA-3′3′-TCAGATCCGTGACT 5′A. If the polymerase is transcribing from this segment of DNA from left to right, which strand (top or bottom) is the template?B. What will be the sequence of that RNA (be sure to label the 5′ and 3′ ends of your RNA molecule)?7-14 The sigma subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase ___________________.(a) contains the catalytic