ENERGY, CATALYSIS, AND BIOSYNTHESISCatalysis and the Use of Energy by CellsCHAPTER 3ENERGY, CATALYSIS, AND BIOSYNTHESIS 2009 Garland Science PublishingCatalysis and the Use of Energy by Cells3-1 Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organismsto capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. The specific subset of these reactions that breakdown nutrients in food can be described as _____________.(a) metabolic(b) catabolic(c) anabolic(d) biosynthetic3-2 The second law of thermodynamics states that the disorder in any system is always increasing. In simple terms, you can think about dropping NaCl crystals into a glass of water. The solvation and diffusion of ions is favored because there is an increase in _____________.(a) pH(b) entropy(c) ionic structure(d) stored energy3-3 The energy used by the cell to generate specific biological molecules and highly ordered structures is stored in the form of _____________.(a) Brownian motion(b) heat(c) light waves(d) chemical bonds3-4 At first glance, it may seem that living systems are able to defy the second law of thermodynamics. However, on closer examination it becomes clear that although cells create organization from raw materials in the environment, they also contribute to disorder in the environment by releasing _____________.(a) water(b) radiation(c) heat(d) proteins3-5 If you weigh yourself on a scale one morning then eat four pounds of food during the day,will you weigh four pounds more the next morning? Why or why not? Hint: What happens to the atoms contained in the food as useful energy is derived from metabolizing the food molecules?3-6 Which of the following statements are true or false? If a statement is false, explain why it is false.A. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the Universe does not change.B. The ultimate source of energy for living systems is chlorophyll.C. CO2 gas is fixed in a series of reactions that are light-dependent.D. H2 is the most stable and abundant form of hydrogen in the environment.3-7 Two college roommates do not agree on the best way to handle the clutter piled up in your dorm room. Roommate 1 explains that chaos is inevitable, so why fight it? Roommate 2 counters that maintaining an organized environment makes life easier in many ways, and that chaos is not inevitable. What law of thermodynamics drives the thinking of roommate 1? What thermodynamic argument can be used to support roommate 2?3-8 Assume that the average human adult requires 2000 kilocalories per day to sustain all normal processes and maintain a constant weight. If manufactured solar panels could somehow provide power directly to the human body, what size solar panel would be required (in cm2)? Assume there are 10 hours of sunlight per day, and that the usable energy output for a typical solar panel is 850 kJ/ft2 per hour.Note: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ1 ft2 = 929.03 cm23-9 Fill in the blanks, selecting from the choices below.Light + _________ + _________ → _________ + heat + sugarsCO, CO2, O2, H2, H2O, N2, NO3-10 During respiration, energy is retrieved from the high-energy bonds found in certain organic molecules. Which of the following, in addition to energy, are the ultimate products of respiration?(a) CO2, H2O(b) CH3, H2O(c) CH2OH, O2(d) CO2, O23-13 For each of the pairs A–D in Figure Q3-13, pick the more reduced member of the pair.Figure Q3-133-14 Oxidation is the process by which oxygen atoms are added to a target molecule. Generally, the atom that is oxidized will experience which of the following with respect to the electrons in its outer shell?(a) a net gain(b) a net loss(c) no change(d) an equal sharing3-15 When elemental sodium is added to water, the sodium atoms ionize spontaneously. Uncharged Na becomes Na+. This means that the Na atoms have been _____________.(a) protonated(b) oxidized(c) hydrogenated(d) reduced3-16 Arrange the following molecules in order with respect to their relative levels of oxidation (assign 5 to the most oxidized and 1 to the most reduced)._______ CH2O (formaldehyde)_______ CH4 (methane)_______ CHOOH (formic acid)_______ CH3OH (methanol)_______ CO2 (carbon dioxide)3-17 Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for metal ions, because there is a measurable net charge. In the case of carbon compounds, oxidation and reduction depend on the nature of polar covalent bonds. Which of the following is the best way to describe these types of bond?(a) hydrogen bonds in a nonpolar solution(b) covalent bonds in an aqueous solution(c) unequal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond(d) equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond3-18 Seed oils are often dehydrogenated and added back into processed foods as partly unsaturated fatty acids. In comparison with the original oil, the new fatty acids have additional double carbon–carbon bonds, replacing what were once single bonds. This process could also be described as _____________.(a) isomerization(b) oxidation(c) reduction(d) protonation3-20 Chemical reactions that lead to a release of free energy are referred to as “energetically favorable.” Another common way in which these reactions are described is _____________.(a) uphill(b) uncatalyzed(c) spontaneous(d) activated3-21 ΔG° indicates the change in the standard free energy as a reactant is converted to product.Given what you know about these values, which reaction below is the most favorable?(a) ADP + Pi → ATP ΔG° = +7.3 kcal/mole(b) glucose 1-phosphate → glucose 6-phosphate ΔG° = –1.7 kcal/mole(c) glucose + fructose → sucrose ΔG° = +5.5 kcal/mole(d) glucose → CO2 + H2O ΔG° = –686 kcal/mole3-22 Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given reaction. Cells produce their own catalysts called _____________.(a) proteins(b) enzymes(c) cofactors(d) complexes3-23 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.By definition, catalysis allows a reaction to occur more __________________. Chemical reactions occur only when there is a lossof __________________ energy. Enzymes act more __________________ than other catalysts. A catalyst decreases the __________________ energy of a reaction.activation free slowlychemical bond kinetic unfavorablecompletely rapidly favorableselectively3-24 Figure