POLS 207 State and Local GovernmentReview Sheet – Exam 11) What is economic development?a. Includes population growth, income, and education. Is key to state's politics and public health policies. Fastest in west and south 2) How has the ethnic composition of the United States changed in the last twenty years?a. The greatest change in ethnic composition is the large increase in Hispanic, mainly Mexican. 3) Know which level of government is responsible for which different policiesa. Local government policiesi. Creating a sense of community, providing services and managing conflict, sources of community conflict, coping with dissatisfactionb. State government policiesi. Establish local government, Issue licenses, Regulate intrastate commerce, Conduct elections, Ratify amendments to the U.S. Constitution, public health and public safety, establish a State Constitutionc. Federal government policiesi. Print money, Declare war, Establish an army, treaties, Regulate commerce between states and international trade, post offices and issue postage, enforce the Constitution4) What is policy conservatism?a. The opposite of Policy Liberalism.b. Policy leaning towards limiting welfare benefits, deregulating business, keeping taxes low. generally less reliance on government and more reliance on individuals and the marketplace to achieve social goals5) What is policy liberalism?a. Tendency to adopt relaxed eligibility standards for receipt of welfare and medical benefits, decriminalization of marijuana possession, elimination of the death penalty, extensive regulation of business, and progressive state income tax. 6) From where do state and local governments derive their revenue?a. From taxes (sales, income, and property), federal aid, fees, licenses, and lottery7) Know the different types of government systems (federalism, unitary, confederation)a. Federalismi. a constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and subnational governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other. b. Unitary Systemi. Power lies in central government.ii. Any local government (if there is any) have powers given to them by the national governmentc. Confederationi. Power lies in Statesii. National government is under state governments8) Why are state called “laboratories of democracy?”a. Because they can experiment with innovative policy ideas, this allows other states and the nation as a whole to see if the new ideas work or not before adopting them.b. Policy innovators – policies start at state level and work to national 9) What is nullification?a. States' rights to void a federal law if it is unconstitutional 10) What are enumerated powers?a. Laws of the federal government given to it by the constitution 11) What are implied powers?a. Powers that are not specifically listed in the constitution12) Know the 10th Amendmenta. Says the federal government only has the powers given to it by the constitution 13) Know the following cases:a. Marbury v. Madison (1803)i. first case win which the supreme court first asserted the power of judicial review. It found the congressional law extending the court's original jurisdiction unconstitutional b. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) i. Concludes that the US constitution is "the supreme law of the land". this case beganthe process of expanding the power of the federal government through the necessary and proper clause d14) Why are federal grants-in-aid important?a. Money given from upper government to the lower for a specific project. They make up 1/3 of the state's income to use on facilities. 15) What are mandates?a. Strings attached to federal money. These are usually rules that states have to follow in order to fain certain funding.16) What is preemption?a. Stating that states' laws are legal as long as they do not conflict with federal lawb. Fed law trumps state c. Displacement of state law with federal 17) Know what is usually contained in state constitutionsa. Bill of rights, separation of powers, governors, legislative powers, local governments, interest group regulation, taxation and finance, debt limitation 18) What is constitutionalism?a. Idea that government should be restricted in its power and authority over the people, while still working to preserve their natural rights19) Why are state constitutions long?a. This is because they are more detailed, direct relationships between government and people, and a wide array of issues. 20) From where do local governments derive their power?a. they derive their power from state constitutions and law 21) How do most states amend their constitution?a. legislative proposes amendment. then requires and 2/3 votesb. majority vote in the last election22) What do counties do?a. Carry out state laws, collect taxes, and supervise electionsb. Administrative laws, transportation, infrastructure, courts, roads, elections, and the recording of legal documentsc. Admin arms of state, take care of those who live outside of county lines 23) What do special districts do?a. Multiple functions i. District that provides several related types of services such as water supply & sewage servicesb. Single functioni. district in which a single service is provided, such as fire protection, mass transit, soil conservation, libraries, water and irrigation, mosquito control, sewage, disposal,airports, sports, and convention centers24) Know the different types of elections (at-large, single member district, etc.)a. Pure At Large (at large = city wide)i. Elections in which candidates are chosen by all of the voters in a community; number of seats up for election are won by top # of votes/Plurality systemb. At large by positioni. Person runs for a numerically or alphabetically labeled seat is elected city widec. At-Large from residency district electoral systemi. Candidate runs to represent the district he/she lives in but all voters in the city get tovote on who shall represent it d. Single member districts (can cut a city into pieces)i. Candidates are chosen by voters separate geographically defined districtse. Combination Electioni. some are elected at large, some are from single member districts25) What is the political culture of Texas?a. Part Traditional and part Individualistic 26) What is the philosophy behind the current Texas Constitution?a. Written as response to dislike a radical republican rule, dislike of strong