Increases of complexity of conflict leads to increases in complexity of institutionsPure parliamentary systemCitizens vote for parties (not candidates)Parties decide which candidates will be elected if their party wins seats in the legislatureElects prime minister (PM)Party centered electionsUnified governmentMore party loyalty among MP (Members of parliament)Simplified choices for votersUnited StatesAnyone can call themselves a Democrat or RepublicanMultiple Dem/Rep running for nominationDon’t need party supportCandidate centered electionsPlease votersLess party loyaltyGridlockComplaints about American GovernmentDifficult to get anything donePoliticians only care about getting reelectedDemocrats and Republicans are interchangeableAdvertisingDeveloping brand nameGet people to recognize nameYard signs, bumper stickersCredit-claimingGenerate belief that they’re responsible for some outcomePork-barreling spendingMembers insert spending provision (funding)Highest- 30 billion (Major reasons why Republicans lost)Declined after Democrats won congressDistrict specificHelp get laws passedKeep party in powerOnly small percentage of debtPosition-takingEmphasizes speaking, and not doingCollective action problemCannot do anything about problemsDoesn’t address BIG problems.Politics- Authorities allocation of values; making collective decisions- Resolving conflict in peaceful way- Similar to warInstitutions- Designed to help members get reelected- Never neutral- Protect own status- Resolve conflict- Increases of complexity of conflict leads to increases in complexity of institutionsHow can government resolve conflict?- Use force- Enforce collective agreementsBasic forms of government- Autocracy- power in one individual- Oligarchy- power given to a group of people- Popular sovereignty- belongs to citizens- Representative Democracy- citizens elect representative- Direct Democracy- citizens are decision makerso Vote on issueso Make decisions on owno Majority rules- Liberal Democracies- constitution constrain elected from taking away rights of minorities- Republic government- indirect form of democracyo Large government over smallo Greater diversityo ModerateCore Democratic values- Common good- citizens working for good of community- Truth- government will not lie- Equality- have same rights as others- Justice- equal rights and fair treatment under the law- Diversity- differences in language, culture, and religion are celebrated- Life- right to live without fear of death- Liberty- right to think, act, and behave without interference from government- Pursuit of happiness- seek pleasure in own way, without violating others rights- Popular sovereignty- citizens source of power- Patriotism- showing devotion to countryPluralism- Power should be dispersed, and not held by just one person- Promotes diversityPublic vs. private goods- Public goods o Once produced everyone gets to consume ito Even though you didn’t produce the problem, you still have to experience the resulto Roads, bridges, schools, national security, and police protectiono Pollution, crime, terrorism, and economic recessiono Always under producedo Private firms won’t produce unless profitable- Private goodso Eating out, cell phones, and personal belongingsCollective Action problems- Multiple individuals would all benefit from a certain action- Individuals will rarely cooperate with each other- Government regulates - Three companies are making toys, and if they all make 5 then they willall make optimum profit, however if one makes 8 while the other four still make 5, then the one individual will make the most profit. If they all begin to make 8 then the profit will go down.Declaration of Independence - Act of political persuasion- Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness- Power comes from consent of governed- Right to overthrow governmentArticles of Confederation- All natural power placed in Congress- Required super majorities- everyone had to agree- National government extremely weako Government couldn’t tax states- First constitution of USo Could enter treatieso Raise armyFederalists- Madison, Jay, Hamilton- Supported constitution- Wanted Republic government- Want BIG government- Minority rightsAntifederalist- Wanted small government- JeffersonConstitution- Founding fathers objectives and values- Built to achieve goals- No neutral institutions- Sequence of events- JeffersonFederalist #10- Madison author- Fractionso Groups of people with similar interestso Political partieso Labor Unionso Majority- pooro Minority- rich- Proposes o Prevent fractionso Eliminate liberty- Didn’t want swift change- Large government controls citizens- Maintain rich- Self interest = problem & solution- Have to please people to be reelectedFederalist #51- Separation of powers- Checks and balances- Differences in each brancho House Based on population of state Unstable, unruly Requires more rules More responsive Age +25 years 2 year termo Senate Two representatives per state Moderating force Less responsive to the mass Smaller Age +30 years  6 year termo President 4 year term Can vetoo Supreme Court Term for life Age +35 yearsParliament vs. USPure parliamentary system- Citizens vote for parties (not candidates)- Parties decide which candidates will be elected if their party wins seats in the legislature- Elects prime minister (PM)- Party centered elections- Unified government- More party loyalty among MP (Members of parliament)- Simplified choices for voters United States- Anyone can call themselves a Democrat or Republican- Multiple Dem/Rep running for nomination- Don’t need party support Candidate centered elections- Please voters- Less party loyalty - Gridlock Complaints about American Government- Difficult to get anything done- Politicians only care about getting reelected- Democrats and Republicans are interchangeableAdvertising Developing brand name Get people to recognize name Yard signs, bumper stickersCredit-claiming Generate belief that they’re responsible for some outcomePork-barreling spending  Members insert spending provision (funding) Highest- 30 billion (Major reasons why Republicans lost) Declined after Democrats won congress District specific Help get laws passed Keep party in power Only small percentage of debtPosition-taking- Emphasizes speaking, and not doing- Collective action problem- Cannot do anything about problems- Doesn’t address BIG