Elementary and secondary schools- Early 1800s north area started to have public schools. It was more accepted up there because it was industrial and didn’t need kids to work in north like they had to in the south.- Post civil war: south began to accept public schools. They accept because the north on us forced it and that the reason we lost the war is because we weren’t educated enough.- 1915- compulsory attendance law- school is mandatory.- 1918- constitutional amendment that provided for free textbooks- 1949- gilmer-aikin law established the TEA (Texas education agency). TEA made to help bridge a gap between Texas gov and the public schools. Today the TEA is in charge of about 30% of all state expenditures.- 1984- statewide accountability standards for students and teachers were established. "No pass no play" "no pass no teach" implemented in this time. Affected 4.7 million students and 300,000 teachers. - Education policy in Texas: o 1. Substantial local controls and a state-local joint partnership. o 2. Emphasis on/ in professional administration that are supervised by common people.o 3. Independence from the general structure of Gov.- State board of education- between state leg and TEA. There are 15 members on the board. They are elected and serve 4 year staggered terms. They established the general and guidelines for the TEA. - The local control in schools would be school districts and school boards. 1030 districts in Texas. We have more districts than any other states. Voters will elect a school board usually 7-9 people for either 3 or 4-year terms. The school boards will set the tax rate for the school district. They will determine the policies and guidelines within TEA regulations.- We are most concerned with state board of education because they have power.State board of education- Curriculum decisions affected by conservative and liberal beliefs. Some changes were they wanted to down play slavery in the civil war in curriculum. Our curriculum wanted to highlight good points of General McCarthy, which started the red scare. They wanted to discuss separation of church in state and say it wasn't in the constitutions.- Textbooks are countrywide and we don't have state textbooks specially made.They don't do state textbooks so that they won't be biased.- Culture wars- standardized exams cause culture wars because people from other cultures may not understand the questions like a different culture will.- Standardized exams- stars and previously taks. Problem with these tests arethey are easy and teachers are teaching just for the test and not teaching to get students to learn.- Faculties and students-the state board lays out the requirements for hiring teachers but it is left up to local school districts to actually do the hiring process. Expenditures per student are about the same because of the Robin Hood initiative.- Funding/school finance reform- funding from federal, state, and local gov. Federal gives grants. States have dedicated funds for it. Locally they use taxesto get money. All tax bases are not equal in Texas and schools aren’t equally funded. We adjust for the unequal aspect through Robin Hood initiative but didn’t work out as planned. Schools could do fundraisers, which if they are in rich district they, get more. Dan Patrick is head of senate education committee. He has given the idea of using vouchers. If your child is performing in a bad school you can move them to a private school and the state will give vouchers for the amount it would cost to go to a bad school andput the money towards a private school.- Learn best schools and learn worst schools off of table 13.1 in power point.Higher education- 90% are enrolled in public universities.- Coordinated by the Texas higher education coordinating board- the board appoints the board of regents. The board of regents outlines the role of each public college and university. College still does what they want to do though and don’t always follow outline.Politics of high education- Financial issues- leave in debt- Faculty issues- to have good faculty you have to pay them. If you don't have money though you can't do this.- Diversity- we attempt to diversify their campus.- Quality- only have two schools in Texas that rank in top 50 in nation for public schools. A&M and UTHealth and human services- Second most costly expenditure in the state- Broad category- 60% of funding come as grants in aid from the federal gov- 16 billion dollar budget and employ 9300 people????- We only put in 24 billion out of state money for 25 million people- Deals with county hospitals and free clinics.Health programs- Socialized medicine- Texas spends more than 1/5 of states budget on Medicaid programs- More than 90% on Medicaid are the elderly, disabled, and young children.- We have one lowest insurance rate in nation.Health care- State is health care provider- county clinic or hospital.- State is the payer but not provider- to the employees of texas. It pays for all orportion of employees insurance.- State is regulator and buyer of private insurance- Medicare, Medicaid, chip (children health insurance program- eligible if family makes less than 200% of poverty level- so if family of 4 making less than 38,000 you can participate.)- About 90% who have insurance have it through their employer and the other 5 percent have it through private companies.- Only about 21% of children covered under insurance in texas- Insurance reform know as ACA (affordable care act aka Obama care.) if it works as planned it will have impact on texas because we have lots uninsuredpeople.- TANF is temporary assistant to needy families- aids children who can't afford basic needs of child. Eligible for a total 5 years in your lifetime. Can’t get it formore than two years at a time. In 2010/2011 max payment was 260 dollars for a month with TANF.- Unemployment insurance- tax placed on employees administer by Texas work force commission. Eligible limited to those laid off to no fault of your own.Welfare- We don't pay much in welfare- Belief that any poor person may be eligible for welfare. To participate thoughyou have to be a citizen. Illegal immigrants can get benefits though for their children if child was born here.- Public assistance programs alleviate rather than cure. - Resentment occurs- we work hard to pay for people who don’t work- Difficult to determine cheatingHighway programs- Texas DOT (department of transportation) provides funding for