NoteCards Ch 6 Friday September 25 2015 9 10 PM 1 When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells they can achieve the finest resolution by using A a phase contrast light microscope B a scanning electron microscope C a transmission electronic microscope D a confocal fluorescence microscope E a super resolution fluorescence microscope 2 The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy B light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy C light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells D light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy E specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts 3 A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A view the structure of cell membranes B sort cells based on their size and weight C determine the size of various organelles D separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined E separate lipid soluble from water soluble molecules 4 In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A the relative solubility of the component B the size and weight of the component C the percentage of carbohydrates in the component D the presence or absence of nucleic acids in the component E the presence or absence of lipids in the component 5 Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge A ribosomes nucleus mitochondria B chloroplasts ribosomes vacuoles C nucleus ribosomes chloroplasts D vacuoles ribosomes nucleus E nucleus mitochondria ribosomes 6 Green fluorescent protein GFP can be used to fluorescently label a specific protein in cells by genetically engineering cells to synthesize the target protein fused to GFP What is the advantage of using GFP fusions to visualize specific proteins instead of staining cells with fluorescently labeled probes that bind to the target protein A GFP fusions enable one to track changes in the location of the protein in living cells staining usually requires preserved cells B GFP fusions enable higher resolution than staining with fluorescent probes C GFP permits the position of the protein in the cell more precisely than fluorescent probes D GFP permits visualization of protein protein interactions fluorescent probes do not E GFP fusions are not subject to artifacts fluorescent probes may introduce background artifacts 7 What is the reason that a modern electron microscope TEM can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super resolution light microscope A The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer B Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal C Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light D The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size E The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time 8 What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division A light microscopy B scanning electron microscopy C transmission electron microscopy D confocal fluorescence microscopy E super resolution fluorescence microscopy 9 All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except A DNA B a cell wall C a plasma membrane D ribosomes E an endoplasmic reticulum 10 The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that A plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface to volume ratio than animal cells B plant cells have a much more highly convoluted folded plasma membrane than animal cells C plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm D animal cells are more spherical whereas plant cells are elongated E plant cells can have lower surface to volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize their own nutrients 11 A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0 1 and 1 0 m What does the organism s size tell you about how it might be classified A It must be a single celled protist B It must be a single celled fungus C It could be almost any typical bacterium D It could be a typical virus E It could be a very small bacterium 12 Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells A limitation on the strength and integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases B the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes C evolutionary progression in cell size more primitive cells have smaller sizes D the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell s metabolic needs E rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion 13 Which of the following statements concerning bacteria and archaea cells is correct A Archaea cells contain small membrane enclosed organelles bacteria do not B Archaea cells contain a membrane bound nucleus bacteria do not C DNA is present in both archaea cells and bacteria cells D DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea cells 14 The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved A endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria B anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts C an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolved into the nucleus D acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi 15 Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains What are the domains A Bacteria and Eukarya B Bacteria and Archaea C Archaea and Protista D Bacteria and Protista E Bacteria and Fungi 16 If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate dTTP is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity A nucleus B cytoplasm C endoplasmic reticulum D nucleoid E ribosomes 17 Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells A mitochondria B Golgi vesicles