NoteCards - Ch 4Wednesday, September 23, 20159:54 AM 1The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus.2The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to A) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms. B) the variety of rare elements in organic molecules. C) the fact that they can be synthesized only in living organisms. D) their interaction with water. E) their tremendously large sizes.3The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms.B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. C) although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products. E) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.4Differences among organisms are caused by A) large differences in elemental composition from organism to organism. B) differences in the types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism. C) differences in the elements that bond with carbon in each organism. D) differences in the sizes of the organic molecules in each organism. E) differences in inorganic compounds present in each organism.5Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé6Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved thatA) life arose on Earth from simple inorganic molecules. B) organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth. C) life arose on Earth from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes. D) the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life. E) the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules.7Hermann Kolbe's synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements was a significant milestone for what reason? A) It solved an industrial shortage of acetic acid. B) It proved that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic compounds. C) It disproved the concept of vitalism. D) It showed that life originated from simple inorganic chemicals. E) It proved that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic compounds and disproved the concept of vitalism.8Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments assumed that early Earth's atmosphere contained A) hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, hydrogen gas, and water vapor. B) ammonia, methane, hydrogen gas, and water vapor. C) ammonia, methane, oxygen gas, and water vapor. D) amino acids, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and water vapor. E) methane, formaldehyde, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.9When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced? A) mostly amino acids B) only simple organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide C) mostly hydrocarbons D) only simple inorganic compounds E) both simple organic compounds and more complex organic compounds such as amino acids and hydrocarbons10How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 811A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds E) ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds12Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird? A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis. C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide. D) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, and they are ultimately derived from carbondioxide. E) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, they were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.13Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird? A) Inorganic carbon atoms in the seeds were incorporated into organic molecules by the bird. B) The carbon atoms ultimately came from the soil. C) The carbon atoms are ultimately derived from coal. D) The carbon atoms ultimately came from carbon dioxide incorporated into sugars through photosynthesis. E) The carbon atoms ultimately came from simple organic compounds that formed abiotically from inorganic carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.14Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They are hydrophilic. D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. E) They are lighter than water.15How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 1116Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas. E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.17Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that A) have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons. B) are mirror images of one another. C) exist in either linear chain or ring forms. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds.18What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral